Meningococcal vaccine refers to one of the vaccines used to prevent infection by Neisseria meningitidis . Different versions are effective against some or all of the following meningococcus types: A, C, W-135, and Y. Vaccines between 85 and 100% are effective for at least two years. They result in decreased meningitis and sepsis among populations where they are widely used. They are given by injection to the muscle or just under the skin.
The World Health Organization recommends that countries with moderate or high disease rates or with frequent outbreaks should routinely vaccinate. In countries with low disease risk, they recommend that high-risk groups should be immunized. In an African meningitis belt effort to immunize everyone between the ages of one and thirty with the meningococcal vaccine A conjugation is ongoing. In Canada and the United States, an effective vaccine against all four types of meningococcus is recommended routinely for adolescents and others at high risk. Saudi Arabia needs a vaccination with quadrivalent vaccine for international travelers to Mecca for Hajj.
Safety is generally good. Some people develop pain and redness at the injection site. Use in pregnancy seems safe. Severe allergic reactions occur in less than one in a million doses.
The first meningococcal vaccine became available in the 1970s. It's in the List of Essential Medicines of the World Health Organization, the most effective and safe drugs needed in the health system. Wholesale costs in developing countries are between 3.23 and 10.77 USD per dose in 2014. In the United States it costs 100 to 200 USD for the course.
Video Meningococcal vaccine
Type
Neisseria meningitidis has 13 clinically significant serogroups, classified according to the antigenic structure of their polysaccharide capsules. Six serogroups, A, B, C, Y, W-135, and X, are responsible for almost all cases of disease in humans.
Quadrivalent_.28Serogroups_A.2C_C.2C_W-135.2C_and_Y.29 "> Quadrivalent_ (Serogroups_A, _C, _W-135, _and_Y)"> Quadrivalent (Serogrup A, C, W-135, and Y)
There are currently three vaccines available in the US to prevent meningococcal disease, all quadrivalent, targeting serogroups A, C, W-135, and Y:
- two conjugate vaccines (MCV-4), Menactra and Menveo, and
- one polysaccharide vaccine (MPSV-4), Menomune, produced by Sanofi Pasteur.
Mencevax (GlaxoSmithKline) and NmVac4-A/C/Y/W-135 (JN-International Medical Corporation) are used worldwide, but have not been licensed in the United States.
Nimenrix (GlaxoSmithKline), a new quadrivalent conjugate vaccine against A, C, W-135, and Y serogroups, is currently available in EU countries and some additional countries.
The first conjugate meningococcal vaccine (MCV-4), Menactra, licensed in the US in 2005 by Sanofi Pasteur; Menveo was licensed in 2010 by Novartis. Both MCV-4 vaccines have been approved by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) for people 2 to 55 years old. Menactra received FDA approval for use on 9-month-old children in April 2011 while Menveo received FDA approval for use in 2-month-old children in August 2013. The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) have not made recommendations for or against its use in children less than 2 years.
Meningococcal polysaccharide vaccine (MPSV-4), Menomune, has been available since the 1970s. This can be used if MCV-4 is not available, and is the only licensed meningococcal vaccine for people over 55 years of age. Information on who should receive the meningococcal vaccine is available from the CDC.
Limitations
The duration of immunity mediated by Menomune (MPSV-4) is three years or less in children under 5 years of age because it does not produce T-cell memory. Efforts to address this problem with repeated immunizations result in decreased and non-elevated antibody responses, booster is not recommended with this vaccine. As with all polysaccharide vaccines, Menomune does not produce mucosal immunity, so people can still be colonized with the meningococcus virulent strain, and no immune deficiency can develop. For this reason, Menomune is suitable for travelers who need short-term protection, but not for national public health prevention programs.
Menveo and Menactra contain the same antigen as Menomune, but these antigens are conjugated with diphtheria diphtheria polysaccharide protein complex, which results in anticipation of increased duration of protection, increased immunity with boost vaccination, and effective group immunity.
Endurance
A study published in March 2006 compared two types of vaccine that found that 76% of subjects still had passive protection three years after receiving MCV-4 (63% protective compared to control), but only 49% had passive protection after receiving MPSV-4 (31% protection against control). In 2010, there is still limited evidence that current conjugate vaccines offer advanced protection beyond three years; studies are underway to determine the actual duration of immunity, and subsequent requirements of booster vaccination. The CDC offers recommendations on who they feel should get booster vaccinations.
Bivalent (Serogrup C and Y)
On June 14, 2012, the FDA approved a new combination vaccine against two types of meningococcal disease and Hib disease for infants and children aged 6 weeks to 18 months. The vaccine, Menhibrix, will prevent the disease caused by Neisseria meningitidis serogroup C and Y and Haemophilus influenzae type b. This is the first meningococcal vaccine that can be given to a baby as young as six weeks.
Serogrup A
A vaccine called MenAfriVac has been developed through a program called the Meningitis Vaccine Project and has the potential to prevent outbreaks of group A meningitis, common in sub-Saharan Africa.
Serogroup B
The vaccine against serotype B meningococcal disease has proved difficult to produce, and requires a different approach than vaccines against other serotypes. While effective polysaccharide vaccines have been produced against types A, C, W-135, and Y, the capsular polysaccharide in B-type bacteria is too similar to human neural antigen to be a useful target.
A number of "serogroup" vaccines have been produced. In fact, this is not a "serogroup B" vaccine, as they do not aim to produce antibodies against group B antigen: it would be more accurate to describe them as independent vaccine serogroups, because they use different antigenic components of the organism; indeed, some antigens are common to different species of Neisseria .
The vaccine for serogrup B was developed in Cuba in response to a large outbreak of meningitis B during the 1980s. The VA-MENGOC-BC vaccine has been shown to be safe and effective in randomized double-blind studies, but is licensed only for research purposes in the United States because of political differences limiting cooperation between the two countries.
Due to the same high prevalence of B-serotype meningitis in Norway between 1975 and 1985, Norwegian health authorities developed a vaccine designed specifically for Norwegian children and young adolescents. Clinical trials were discontinued after the vaccine was shown to cover just over 50% of all cases. Furthermore, lawsuits for damages are filed against the Norwegian State by persons who are seriously affected. Information obtained by health authorities during the development of the vaccine was then forwarded to Chiron (now GlaxoSmithKline), which developed a similar vaccine, MeNZB, for New Zealand.
The MenB vaccine has been approved for use in Europe in January 2013. Following the positive recommendation of the EU Committee on Drugs for Human Use Products, Bexsero, produced by Novartis, received a license from the European Commission. However, the placement in each EU member state still depends on the decision by the national government. In July 2013, the UK Joint Committee on Vaccination and Immunization (JCVI) issued a provisional position statement recommending against Bexsero's use as part of the routine meningococcal B immunization program, on the grounds of cost-effectiveness. This decision was returned to support the Bexsero vaccination in March 2014. In March 2015, the British government announced that it had reached an agreement with GlaxoSmithKline that had taken over the Novartis vaccine business, and that Bexsero would be introduced into the UK routine immunization schedule in the future. 2015.
In November 2013, in response to the outbreak of B-serotype meningitis at the Princeton University campus, the acting head of the Centers of Meningitis Disease and the prevented vaccine branch of the disease told NBC News that they had been authorized to import the emergency Bexsero to stop the rupture. Bexsero was then approved by the FDA in February 2015.
In October 2014, Trumenba, a serogroup B vaccine produced by Pfizer, was approved by the FDA.
Serogroup X
The occurrence of serogroup X has been reported in North America, Europe, Australia, and West Africa. Meningococcal meningitis vaccine is currently unknown to protect against serogroup X N. meningitidis disease .
Maps Meningococcal vaccine
Side effects
Common side effects include pain and redness around the injection site (up to 50% of recipients). A small number of people have a mild fever. As with drugs, a small proportion of people develop severe allergic reactions. By 2016 Canadian Health warns of an increased risk of anemia or haemolysis in people treated with eculizumab (Soliris). The highest risk is when individuals "receive a dose of Soliris within 2 weeks after being vaccinated with Bexsero".
Despite initial concerns about Guillain-Barrà © Å © syndrome, subsequent research in 2012 showed no increased risk of GBS after meningococcal conjugate vaccination.
References
Further reading
- Conterno LO, Silva Filho CR, RÃÆ'¼ggeberg JU, Heath PT (2006). Conterno, Lucieni O, ed. "Conjugate vaccine to prevent meningococcal meningitis C and septicemia". Cochrane Database Syst Rev . 3 (3): CD001834. doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD001834.pub2. PMIDÃ, 16855979. CS1 maint: Many names: author list (link )
- Patel M, Lee CK (2005). Patel, Mahomed, ed. "Polysaccharide vaccine to prevent meningococcal meningitis serogra". Cochrane Database Syst Rev (1): CD001093. doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD001093.pub2. PMIDÃ, 15674874. Ã,
External links
- Meningococcal vaccine at the US National Library of Medicine's Medical Subject Headings (MeSH)
Source of the article : Wikipedia
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