The US Presidential Election of 1860 was the nineteenth presidential election to elect the President and Vice President of the United States. The election was held on Tuesday, November 6, 1860. In a four-way contest, Republican tickets from Abraham Lincoln and Hannibal Hamlin emerged victorious. Lincoln's election serves as a major catalyst of the American Civil War.
The United States had become increasingly divided during the 1850s over disagreements, especially regarding the expansion of slavery into the territories. The current president, James Buchanan, like his predecessor Franklin Pierce, is a Democrat from the north who sympathizes with the South. During the mid to late 1850s, the Republican anti-slavery party became the main political force behind the Kansas-Nebraska Act and the Supreme Court's decision in the case of Dred Scott v. Sandford . In 1860, the Republican Party had replaced the dead Whig Party as the main opposition to the Democrats. A group of former Whigs and Know Nothings formed the Constitutional Union Party, which sought to avoid secession by removing the problem of slavery.
The Republican National Convention of 1860 nominated Lincoln, a former moderate congressman from Illinois, as the standard bearer. The Republican platform pledged not to interfere with slavery in the state, but opposed further extension of slavery to the territories. The first 1860 Democratic National Convention was postponed without approving candidates, but the second convention nominated Senator Stephen A. Douglas from Illinois for president. Douglas's support for the concept of popular sovereignty, which calls for individual territories to break the status of slavery, alienates many Southern Democrats. The Southern Democratic Party, with support from President Buchanan, convened their own convention and nominated Vice President John C. Breckinridge of Kentucky for president. The 1860 Constitution Convention nominated tickets led by former Sen. John Bell of Tennessee.
Despite minimal support in the South, Lincoln won a number of popular votes and a majority of electoral votes. The split among Republican opponents does not necessarily determine in ensuring Republican capture of the White House, since Lincoln receives an absolute majority in the countries that join for the majority of electoral votes. Lincoln's main opponent in the North is Douglas, who ranks second in several states but only won slave states in Missouri and three voters from the free New Jersey state. Bell won three Southern states, while Breckinridge swept the rest of the South. The election of Lincoln led to the separation of several states in the South, and the Civil War would begin with the Battle of Fort Sumter. The election was the first of six consecutive victories for the Republicans.
Video United States presidential election, 1860
Nominated
The 1860 convention of the presidential elections was very chaotic, mainly due to the split in the Democratic Party leading to a rival convention.
Democratic nominees (Northern Democracy)
Kandidat Demokrat Utara:
- Stephen Douglas, Senator dari Illinois
- James Guthrie, mantan Menteri Keuangan dari Kentucky
- Robert Mercer Taliaferro Hunter, Senator dari Virginia
- Joseph Lane, Senator dari Oregon
- Daniel S. Dickinson, mantan Senator dari New York
- Andrew Johnson, Senator dari Tennessee
Galeri kandidat Partai Demokrat
At the Democratic National Convention held at the Institute Hall in Charleston, South Carolina, in April 1860, 51 South Democrats walked out on a platform dispute. The extreme pro-slavery "Fire-eaters" William Lowndes Yancey and the first Alabama delegation left the hall, followed by delegates from Florida, Georgia, Louisiana, Mississippi, South Carolina, Texas, three of the four delegates from Arkansas, and one of three delegates from Delaware.
Six candidates nominated: Stephen A. Douglas from Illinois, James Guthrie from Kentucky, Robert Mercer Taliaferro Hunter from Virginia, Joseph Lane from Oregon, Daniel S. Dickinson from New York, and Andrew Johnson from Tennessee. Three other candidates, Isaac Toucey of Connecticut, James Pearce of Maryland, and Jefferson Davis of Mississippi (future president of the American Confederation) also received a vote.
Douglas, a moderate on the issue of slavery who likes "people's sovereignty", advanced in the first vote, but needed 56.5 more votes to secure his candidacy. On the 57th ballot, Douglas is still ahead, but 51.5 fewer votes than nominations. In desperation, the delegates agreed on May 3 to stop voting and postpone the convention.
Democrats were held again at the Front Street Theater in Baltimore, Maryland, on June 18 this time, 110 Southern delegates (led by "Fire-Eaters") walked out when the convention would not adopt a resolution in favor of expanding slavery to areas that voters did not want. Some people consider Horatio Seymour a compromise candidate for a National Democratic nomination at an ongoing convention in Baltimore. Seymour wrote a letter to the editor of his local newspaper declaring unconditionally that he was not a candidate for one of the places on the ticket. After two ballots, the remaining Democrats nominated tickets for Stephen A. Douglas of Illinois for the presidency.
Benjamin Fitzpatrick of Alabama was nominated as vice president, but he rejected his candidacy. The nomination eventually went to Herschel Vespasian Johnson from Georgia.
South Democratic nominees
Kandidat Demokrat Selatan:
- John C. Breckinridge, Wakil Presiden Amerika Serikat
- Daniel S. Dickinson, mantan Senator dari New York
- Robert Mercer Taliaferro Hunter, Senator dari Virginia
- Joseph Lane, Senator dari Oregon
- Jefferson Davis, Senator dari Mississippi
Galeri kandidat Partai Demokrat Selatan
Charleston rolled back in Richmond, Virginia on June 11. When Democrats gathered in Baltimore, they reunited (except South Carolina and Florida, living in Richmond).
When the convention sat two substitute delegates on June 18, they sped again, now accompanied by almost all other Southern delegates, as well as the seat of the previous Convention, Caleb Cushing, a New Englander and former cabinet member Franklin Pierce. The larger group met directly at the Baltimore Institute Hall, with Cushing leading the way again. They adopted a rejected pro-slavery platform in Charleston, and nominated Vice President John C. Breckinridge for President, and Senator Joseph Lane of Oregon for Vice President.
Yancey and some (less than half) of the bolters, almost entirely from Lower South, met on June 28 in Richmond, along with delegates from South Carolina and Florida. This convention confirms the nomination of Breckinridge and Lane.
In addition to the Democratic Party in the southern states, Breckinridge/Lane tickets are also supported by the Buchanan government. Buchanan's own accomplishment in his state in Pennsylvania ensures that Breckinridge will be a prime candidate for the Democratic Party in the densely populated country. Breckinridge was the last Vice President nominated for President until Richard Nixon in 1960.
Republican nominees
Kandidat Partai Republik:
- Abraham Lincoln, mantan perwakilan dari Illinois
- William Seward, Senator dari New York
- Simon Cameron, Senator dari Pennsylvania
- Salmon P. Chase, Gubernur Ohio
- Edward Bates, mantan perwakilan dari Missouri
- John McLean, Hakim Asosiasi Mahkamah Agung AS
- Benjamin Wade, Senator dari Ohio
- William L. Dayton, mantan Senator dari New Jersey
Galeri kandidat Partai Republik
The Republican National Convention met in mid-May 1860 after the Democrats were forced to postpone their convention in Charleston. With Democrats in chaos and sweeping the northern states as possible, Republicans are confident of going into their convention in Chicago. William H. Seward of New York is considered a front runner, followed by Abraham Lincoln of Illinois, Salmon P. Chase of Ohio, and Edward Bates of Missouri.
As the convention developed, however, it was revealed that Seward, Chase, and Bates had each faction alienated from the Republican Party. The delegation worried that Seward was too close to the party's radical wing, and his movement to the center had alienated the radicals. Chase, a former Democratic Party member, has alienated many former Whigs by his coalition with Democrats in the late 1840s. He also opposed tariffs demanded by Pennsylvania, and critically, got opposition from his own delegation from Ohio. Bates outlines his position on extending slavery to territory and equal constitutional rights for all citizens, a position that alienates his supporters in the border states and conservatives of the South. The German American people in the party opposed Bates because of his past relationship with Know Nothings.
Because it was important to bring the West, and since Lincoln had a national reputation of his most articulate moderate debates and speeches, he won a party nomination for the president in the third vote on 18 May 1860. Sen. Hannibal Hamlin of Maine was nominated for vice president, defeating Cassius Clay from Kentucky.
The party's platform promises not to interfere with slavery in the state, but to oppose slavery in the region. The platform promises tariffs protecting industry and workers, Homestead Law granting free farmland in the West to settlers, and transcontinental railway funding. There is no mention of Mormonism (which has been condemned in the 1856 Party platform), the Fugitive Massacre Act, privacy law, or Dred Scott's decision. While Seward's troops were disappointed at the nomination of a little-known novice in the western world, they united behind Lincoln. However, abolitionists are angry at moderate elections and have little confidence in Lincoln.
nomination of the Constitutional Unity Party
Kandidat Konstitusi Union:
- John Bell, mantan Senator dari Tennessee
- Sam Houston, Gubernur Texas
- John J. Crittenden, Senator dari Kentucky
- Edward Everett, mantan Senator dari Massachusetts
- William A. Graham, mantan Senator dari North Carolina
- William C. Rives, mantan Senator dari Virginia
The Union's Constitutional Party was formed by the remnants of the Know-Knowing Party and the Whig Party that did not want to join the Republican or Democratic Party. The members of the new party hope to halt the secession of the South by avoiding the problem of slavery. They met at the Eastside District Court Building in Baltimore and nominated John Bell from Tennessee to become president of Governor Sam Houston of Texas at the second ballot. Edward Everett was nominated for a vice-president at the convention on May 9, 1860, one week before Lincoln.
John Bell is a former Whig who opposes the Kansas-Nebraska Act and the Lecompton Constitution. Edward Everett was president of Harvard University and Secretary of State in the Fillmore administration. The party platform supports a compromise to save Unity with the slogan "Unity as it is, and the Constitution as it is."
Liberty Party nomination (Union)
Kandidat Liberty (Union):
- Gerrit Smith, mantan perwakilan dari New York
Partai Liberty (Radical Abolitionists, Union) kandidat galeri
The Liberty Party formed in 1860 was a fragment (or remnant) of the old Liberty Party in the 1840s, after most of its membership remained to join the Free Land Party in 1848 and almost all that remained of it joined the Republic at 1854 The rest are also called Radical Abolitionists. A convention of a hundred delegates was held at the Convention Hall, Syracuse, New York, on August 29, 1860. Delegates were present in New York, Pennsylvania, New Jersey, Michigan, Illinois, Ohio, Kentucky, and Massachusetts. Some of the delegates are women.
Gerrit Smith, a leading abolitionist and presidential candidate in 1848 from the original Liberty Party, has sent a letter stating that his health is so bad that he can not be away from home since 1858. Nevertheless, he remains popular at parties because he has helped inspire some of John Brown's supporters at Raid in Harpers Ferry. In his letter, Smith donated $ 50 to pay for ballot printing in various states.
There was quite a lot of spirit contests between friends of Gerrit Smith and William Goodell in connection with the nomination for the presidency. Despite his poor health, Gerrit Smith was nominated as president and Samuel McFarland of Pennsylvania was nominated as vice president.
In Ohio, a presidential voter list promised Smith to run with the name of the Unity Party.
People's Party nomination
The People's Party is a loose association of supporters of Governor Samuel Houston. On April 20, 1860, the party held what is called a national convention to nominate Houston to become president at San Jacinto Battlefield in Texas. Houston's supporters at the meeting did not nominate a vice presidential candidate, as they were expecting the next meeting to carry out the function. Mass meetings were then held in northern cities, such as New York City on May 30, 1860, but they also failed to nominate a vice presidential candidate. Houston, who was never eager to run for president, soon became convinced that he had no chance of winning and that his nomination would only make it easier for the Republican to win. He resigned from the race on August 16 and urged the formation of a United Union "Unity" ticket that went against Lincoln.
Maps United States presidential election, 1860
Selection for disunion
In their campaign, Bell and Douglas claimed that the union should not follow Lincoln's election. Nevertheless, faithful army officers in Virginia, Kansas, and South Carolina warned Lincoln of conflicting military preparations. The separatists threw their support behind Breckinridge in an attempt to force anti-Republican candidates to coordinate their electoral vote or dispose of elections into the House of Representatives, where presidential elections would be made by elected representatives in 1858, before the election. The majority of Republicans in the House and Senate reached in 1860 sat in the new 37th Congress. Mexican war hero Winfield Scott suggested to Lincoln that he took over the power of a supreme commander before the inauguration. However, historian Bruce Chadwick observes that Lincoln and his counselors ignore the alarm and the threat of widespread separation as electoral hoax.
Indeed, voting in the South is not monolithic as the Electoral College map will make it appear. Economically, culturally, and politically, the South consists of three regions. In the Southern Upper state, later known as the "Border States" (Delaware, Maryland, Kentucky, and Missouri along with Kansas territory), popular union voices are spread among Lincoln, Douglas, and Bell, to form a majority in all four. In the Southern "Central" state, there is a majority of trade unions divided between Douglas and Bell in Virginia and Tennessee; in North Carolina and Arkansas, the voice of the union (Bell and Douglas) approaches the majority. Texas is the only Middle Southern state that Breckinridge brings convincingly. In three of the six Southern "Far", the trade unions (Bell and Douglas) won major divisions in Georgia and Louisiana or approached him in Alabama. Breckinridge convincingly only carries three of the six states of Deep South (South Carolina, Florida, and Mississippi). These three Southern South states are all among the four Southern states with the lowest white population; together, they hold only nine percent of the white south.
Among slave countries, three states with the highest number of voters chose the most biased. Texas, with five percent of the total population in the Southern war, picked 75 percent of Breckinridge. Kentucky and Missouri, with a quarter of the total population, voted for 73 percent pro-union Bell, Douglas and Lincoln. By comparison, the six Deep South states that make up a quarter of the Confederate voter population divide 57 percent of Breckinridge versus 43 percent for two pro-union candidates. The four states accepted by the Confederacy after Fort Sumter held nearly half of the population, and voted for a narrowly combined majority of 53 percent for pro-union candidates.
In eleven countries that would later declare their separation from the Union and controlled by the Confederate army, the ballot for Lincoln was only cast in Virginia, where it received 1,929 votes (1.15 percent of the total). Not surprisingly, most of the votes Lincoln received were thrown in border states that would soon become West Virginia - the state's future for 1,832 of Lincoln's 1,929 votes.
Lincoln received no votes at all in the current 121 states - 145 districts (including 31 of the 50 that would form West Virginia), received a single vote in three areas and received ten or less votes in nine of the 24 districts in which he was surveyed. sound. Lincoln's best results, so far, are in four regions comprising the northern part of the state, a region that has long felt alienated from Richmond and which is economically and culturally linked to its neighbors, Ohio and Pennsylvania and which will be a key driver in successful ventures to form a separate country. Hancock County (Northern Virginia at the time) returned the best results of Lincoln - he polled over 40% of the votes there and finished in second place (Lincoln only gave eight fewer votes than Breckinridge). Of the 97 votes cast for Lincoln on the state border of 1863, 93 were surveyed in four counties (along the Potomac River) and four were counted in the coastal town of Portsmouth.
Some of the major differences between modern elections and the mid-nineteenth-century elections are that at the time, there was no secret ballot anywhere in the United States that candidates were responsible for printing and distributing their own ballots (the services that publishers typically do supporting newspapers) and that in order to distribute a valid ballot for a presidential election in a state, the candidate requires eligible citizens to vote in a state that will pledge to elect candidates at Electoral College. This means that even if voters have access to the ballot for Lincoln, the one cast that supports it in a strong pro-slavery area will be subject to (at a minimum) social exclusion (of course, vote for Breckinridge in a highly abolitionist area running voters at risk same). In the ten southern slave states, no citizen publicly promised to choose Abraham Lincoln. In most of Virginia, no publisher would print a ballot for the promised supporters of Lincoln.
In four unbroken slave countries (Missouri, Kentucky, Maryland, and Delaware), Lincoln ranks fourth in every state except Delaware (where it occupies the third position). In fifteen slave states, Lincoln only won two counties from 996, Missouri's St. Louis and Gasconade Counties. In the election of 1856, the Republican presidential candidate received no votes at all in twelve of the fourteen slave states with popular votes (this was the same country as in the 1860 election, plus Missouri and Virginia).
Results
The election was held on Tuesday, November 6, 1860, and is worth noting for excessive sectionalism in a country that was soon dissolved in a civil war. The number of voters was 81.2%, the highest in American history up to that point, and the second highest overall (surpassing only the 1876 election). The six presidents elected since Andrew Jackson won reelection in 1832 were long-term presidents, the last four with popular votes below 51 percent.
Lincoln won the Electoral College with less than 40 percent of the popular national vote by bringing countries above the Mason-Dixon line and north of the Ohio River, plus the states of California and Oregon in Far West. Unlike any previous president, Lincoln did not carry even a slave state, and indeed he was not in voting in the southern states of North Carolina and South, Georgia, Florida, Alabama, Tennessee, Mississippi, Arkansas, Louisiana and Texas. He was the first elected President who was not in a vote in all states, an achievement that has since equaled three times but never at the same level. Lincoln won the second lowest share of the popular vote among all the winning presidential candidates in US history.
The Republican victory resulted from the concentration of votes in free countries, which together control the majority of presidential voters. Lincoln's strategy was deliberately focused, in collaboration with Republican Chief Thurlow Weed, on an expansion in the state of Frà ©  © mont won four years earlier. New York is very critical with 35 Electoral College votes, 11.5 percent of the total; with Pennsylvania (27) and Ohio (23), a candidate may collect more than half (85) votes required. The Young Wide Youth Organization The young crew massively expanded the list of registered voters, and although Lincoln is not even in voting in most of the southern states, the population increase in the free countries has far exceeded that seen in slave countries for many years before the election of 1860, the free states dominated the Electoral College.
The divisions within the Democratic party are sometimes responsible for Lincoln's victory, however, despite the fact that Lincoln won elections with less than forty percent of popular votes, many anti-Republican voices were "wasted" in the Southern states where Lincoln did not even is in the ballot. At best, one national opponent will only lose Lincoln of California, Oregon, and four New Jersey voters, whose combined total of eleven electoral votes will not make a difference in outcome; every other country won by Republicans is won by a clear majority of votes. In the three states of New York, Rhode Island, and New Jersey where anti-Lincoln vote merged into a fusion ticket, Lincoln still won two and split New Jersey. If the opposition has established a fusion ticket in every state, Lincoln will still receive 169 electoral votes, 17 more than 152 needed to win Electoral College.
Like Lincoln, Breckinridge and Bell did not win electoral votes outside of their respective sections. While Bell retired to his family business, secretly supporting the separation of his country, Breckinridge served as a Confederate general. He took second place in Electoral College with 72 votes, carrying eleven of the fifteen slave nations (including South Carolina, whose voters are elected by state legislatures, not popular votes). Breckinridge stands third in the national popular vote at eighteen percent, but it gets 50-75 percent in the first seven states to become a Confederate State. He took nine of the eleven countries that eventually joined, plus the state of border bondage of Delaware and Maryland, losing only Virginia and Tennessee. Breckinridge received very little support in free countries, demonstrating strengths only in California, Oregon, Pennsylvania and Connecticut.
Bell brings three slave states (Tennessee, Kentucky, and Virginia) and loses Maryland with just 722 votes. Nevertheless, he completed a remarkable second in all the slave states won by Breckinridge and Douglas. He won 45 to 47 percent in Maryland, Tennessee and North Carolina and was studied respectfully with 36 to 40 percent in Missouri, Arkansas, Louisiana, Georgia, and Florida. It was hoped by Bell himself that he would take over the support of a former Whig Party that was already extinct in the free countries, but most of this support was given to Lincoln. So, except for running Everett's state in Massachusetts, and California, Bell received less support in the free states than Breckinridge, and consequently came last in a national vote at 12 percent.
Douglas is the only candidate who won electoral votes in both slave and free states (free New Jersey and Missouri slaves). Its support is the most geographically broad; he finished second behind Lincoln in a popular vote with 29.5 percent, but last at Electoral College. Douglas reached a 28-47 percent share in the states of Mid-Atlantic, Midwest and Trans-Mississippi West, but slipped to 19-39 percent in New England. Beyond its regional part, Douglas takes 15-17 percent of the total popular votes in the states of Kentucky slaves, Alabama and Louisiana, then 10 percent or less of the remaining nine slave states. Douglas, in his "Norfolk Doctrine", reaffirmed in North Carolina, pledged to keep the Union together by force if the states begin to break away. The popular vote for Lincoln and Douglas is seventy percent of the total voters.
The 1860 Republican ticket was the first successful national ticket that did not feature the South, and the election marked the end of South American political domination in the United States. Between 1789 and 1860, the South has been President for two-thirds of the era, and has held the post of Chairman of the Board and President of the Senate for much of that time. In addition, since 1791, the South has become the majority of the Supreme Court.
Source (Popular Sound): Leip, David. "1860 Results of the Presidential Election". Atlas President Dave. . Retrieved July 27, 2005 . Source (Electoral Selection): "Electoral College Box Scores 1789-1996". National Archives and Archive Administration . Retrieved July 31, 2005 .
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Geografi hasil
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Source: Data from Walter Dean Burnham, Presidential Voice, 1836-1892 (Johns Hopkins University Press, 1955) pp 247-57.
Trigger for Civil War
The election of Abraham Lincoln in 1860 was the direct cause of the separation of the first 7 Southern states (SC, MS, FL, AL, GA, LA, TX), which formed the Confederation in February 1861. The state of Kansas as a state free and Lincoln's military resistance to the Confederate led separation of 4 other countries (VA, NC, TN, AR) after May 1861. Lincoln has been a Republican nominee with an anti-slavery expansion platform, he refuses to recognize the right to secession, and he will not produce federal property in the Southern states. Many historians have explored the reasons why many white Southern adopted secession in 1860, after 30 years of disputes between Northern and Southern states on protection tariffs, Federal spending, and civil rights to refuse to allow slaves to travel with the owner's family slaves in several states of North America. Tariffs have been imposed on Southern imports to protect the North industry, taxes imposed on Southern cotton but not North wool, or 3-to-1 federal expenditures on the Northern navigation lighthouses versus the longer South coastline, and fake slave uprisings in Virginia infuriated many person. People south. Bertram Wyatt-Brown argues that separatists want independence as necessary for their honor. They could no longer tolerate the attitude of the North state that regarded the ownership of slaves as a major sin and the North politicians who insisted on halting the spread of slavery. Avery Craven argues that separatists believe Lincoln's election meant the long-term destruction of their vast social system, thousands of South Africans working with more than two million slaves living in private households as nearly half the population of many Southern countries in 1860. This situation can not solved by the democratic process, and it puts the "great masses of people, North and South, powerless before drifting into war".
See also
- American election campaign in the 19th century
- The history of Abraham Lincoln's election
- The history of the United States (1849-1865)
- History of the Democratic Party of the United States
- United States Republican History
- John Hanks
- Third Party System
- Election of the United States House of Representatives, 1860
- United States Senate Election, 1860
- First authorization of Abraham Lincoln
Note
References
Bibliography
External links
- the US presidential election of 1860 at EncyclopÃÆ'Â|dia Britannica
- 1860 election: Popular country-by-country voting results
- 1860 popular voting by district
- US Presidential Election of 1860 at Encyclopedia Virginia
- Selection 1860
- Selection Map starting at 1860
- Abraham Lincoln: Original Letters and Manuscripts, 1860 Shapell Manuscript Foundation
- Lincoln selection - details
- Report of 1860 of the Republican Convention
- Overview of the Constitution's National Convention
- How close is the election of 1860? on Wayback Machine (archived August 25, 2012) Ã, - Michael Sheppard, Massachusetts Institute of Technology
- Abraham Lincoln: Resource Guide from the Library of Congress
- Presidential Election 1860: Resource Guide from the Library of Congress
- Bill Bigelow, "Role Playing 1860", 12-page lesson plan for high school students, Zinn Education Project
- Selection 1860 in Counting Votes
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