Beer in the United States is produced by over 3,000 factories, ranging in size from industrial giants to brewing and micro breweries. The United States produces 196 million barrels (23.0 GL) of beer in 2012, and consumes about 28 US gallons (110Ã.L) of beer per capita every year. In 2011, the United States ranked fifteenth in the world in per capita consumption, while total consumption came second after China.
Although beer is part of colonial life in the United States, the adoption of the Eighteenth Amendment of the United States Constitution in 1919 resulted in a ban on the sale of alcoholic beverages, forcing almost all American factories to shut down or switch to the production of non-alcoholic products.. Following the lifting of the ban, the industry is consolidated into a small number of large-scale factories. Many large factories are re-producing beer after Larangan, currently mostly owned by international conglomerates such as Anheuser-Busch InBev or SABMiller, still maintaining market dominance in the 21st century. However, the majority of new factories that have been opened in the US over the last three decades are small factories and brewpubs, called "handicraft factories" to distinguish them from larger and older factories.
The most common beer styles produced by big factories are American beer, a kind of pale beer; Small factories, which were mostly established since the 1980s, produced a variety of styles. The original beer style in the United States includes amber beer, ale cream, and general California. Newer craft styles include American Pale Ale, American IPA, Indian Pale Lager, Black IPA, and American "Double" or "Imperial" IPA.
Video Beer in the United States
History
Beginner
Native American tribes distilled beer on US soil before the arrival of Europe, but did not use barley. One recipe consists of corn, birch, and water. The earliest record of brewing by natives dates from 1587, and the first commercial brewery in the United States was built by the Dutch West India Company in 1632 in Lower Manhattan at Brewers (then Stone) Street. On February 5, 1663, Nicholas Varlett obtained Peter Stuyvesant's patent for brewing at Castle Point in Hoboken, New Jersey.
The British and Dutch brewing tradition (as he brought to New York) ensured that colonial liquor would be dominated by beer rather than wine. Until the mid-19th century, the British-style ales dominated American brewing. This changed when the old-fashioned beer style brought by German immigrants turned out to be more profitable for large scale manufacturing and shipments. Hop in lager has preservative qualities, while local non-hopping beer quickly turns sour and is considered risky to drink.
The beer brewed by these companies was originally based on several different Central European styles, but the Pilsener style, using light, pale Czech hopes, a lightly-baked and often extra six-barley barley such as rice and corn, gradually won.
The steam beer, the unique first American beer style, evolved in the San Francisco area during the 19th century. It was born from the desire to produce beer beer without using a cooler. After the ban ends, Anchor Brewing Company is abandoned as the only steam beer producer. The company approached closure in 1965, where Fritz Maytag, the great-grandson of the Maytag Company founder, saved the brewery and with it the steam beer style. Anchors since then trademark the term "Steam Beer" and all subsequent style renditions are now called California common .
D.G. Yuengling & amp; Son, commonly called Yuengling (pronounced "ying-ling"), is the oldest brewery company operating in the United States, founded in 1829 by David Yuengling, and is one of the largest factories based on volume in the country. Headquartered in Pottsville, Pennsylvania, is currently America's largest brewery.
One of the earliest large-scale beers is the Best Brewing, a Milwaukee brewery built by German immigrant Phillip Best in the 1840s. The company started delivering beer to Chicago and St. Louis in the next decade, first by ferry and finally by train, set up an early trans-market beer brand in the United States. Other successful factories in the era started by German immigrants in Milwaukee include the Valentin Blatz Brewing Company, Joseph Schlitz Brewing Company, and Miller Brewing Company, the owner of Frederick Miller, who took over the brewery originally owned by Phillip Best's brother Carl.
The Weston Brewing Company was first established in 1842 by German immigrant John Georgian. Georgia brought a beer tradition with him when he settled in Weston. The brewery is designed to harness ice from the river during the winter and the cellars dig deep into the ground to create ideal conditions for beer that needs to be kept below 60 degrees for more than six weeks. In creating the brewery, Weston Brewing Company became one of the first breweries in the United States.
In St. Louis, a prosperous German soap maker, Eberhard Anheuser, bought a struggling brewing factory in 1860. His daughter married a brewing supplier, Adolphus Busch, who took over the company after the death of his father-in-law, and named him Anheuser-Busch. Busch soon traveled around Europe, discovered the success of Bohemian beer, and introduced the Budweiser beer (named after brewed beer in the town of Budweis in Bohemia) in 1876. Anheuser-Busch, and his Budweiser beer, will continue to be the largest brewery and beer brand in world. The company is innovating the use of refrigeration in rail cars to transport its beer, which helped the bottle brand Budweiser become the first national beer brand in the United States.
Prohibition
On January 16, 1919, the United States' Eighteenth Amendment to the Constitution entered into law, creating an era of Prohibition, where the production, sale and transportation of alcoholic beverages was made illegal. All legal American beers are suspended when the ban is in place, although the previous simplicity movement has significantly reduced the number of factories. Only some factories, especially the largest ones, can survive in business with manufacturing near beer, malt syrup, or other non-alcoholic wheat products, in addition to soft drinks such as cola and beer roots. Alcohol production and shipments are largely confined to illegal operations that can deliver smuggled solid - rum beverages and domestic liquor - more efficiently and reliably than bulkier products such as beer.
The American ban is lifted by a degree. First, the Volstead Act which defines "intoxicating liquor", was amended in April 1933 by the Cullen-Harrison Act to provide beer with a strength of up to 3.2% alcohol not being "intoxicating", and therefore not banned (The "3.2%" is called weight measurement and roughly equivalent to 4% if measured by volume, as is now common). Within 24 hours of legalization, 1.5 million barrels of ABW beer was 3.2% sold, leading some to predict "beer starvation". Soon thereafter, in December of the same year, the twenty-first Amendment of the United States Constitution lifted the ban in general, but abandoned the production of alcoholic beverages that were highly regulated by federal, state and local governments. Included in this rule is the application of a three-tier distribution system, in which alcoholic beverage producers have to go through wholesale distributors to sell their products, rather than direct selling to retailers.
Prohibition Post
Although the Twenty-First Amendment allows brewers to legally continue their craft practice, many "dry" districts remain and many countries fail to ratify everything, which slows the rise of the brewing industry. Moreover, much of the ban on the simplicity movement is still quite vocal and able to retain great followers despite canceling the eighteenth amendment. Before the American beer industry could try to rebuild itself, World War II began. This further hinders the re-emergence of small factories because much of the supply of grains is rationed by war, forcing factories to use extras such as corn and rice next to barley traditionally used in brewing. Prohibitions saw a lucrative opportunity to extinguish the efforts of the remaining factories, insisting that the wasted commercial beer wasted energy, wheat, fuel, and cargo space that was supposed to be used for war effort abroad. Brewers responded to this accusation by praising the benefits of beer yeast on human health, which is a high vitamin B content. It is said that the increase in thiamine in the diet of soldiers and factory workers will improve performance on the battlefield as well as in factories and that this increase adequately justifies the need for beer. The American government decided that the benefits of vitamin B in beer yeast, in addition to taxes derived from beer sales, were sufficient to justify the demand for fifteen percent of beer production for soldiers.
Although American factories have the support of their government, they still need to catch the hearts and wallets of the American people. To achieve this, the big factories come together and launch the "Spirit of a Million Small Things" advertising campaign. Campaigns can be summarized well from the following 1942 magazine ads:
"If you are a man, it shines in your shoes... the sweet taste of a fly stalk in your hand... If you are a woman, it may be a complicated new hair maybe... or a change of lipstick, the spirit of many little things like that, people can pick up big bad things... bitter news, bombings even... if only a few small, familiar, and comfortable little things are left. "
Since America entered the war in 1941 until it ended in 1945, overall beer production increased by more than 40% despite the small number of active breweries. This wartime growth enabled large factories such as Anheuser-Busch to dominate the American market for more than fifty years. During this period, they produced a beer better known for its uniformity than for a particular flavor. Beer such as those made by Anheuser-Busch and Coors Brewing Company follow a limited pilsner style, with large-scale industrial processes and the use of inexpensive ingredients such as corn or ingredients such as rice that provide starch for alcohol production while contributing minimal flavor to the finished product. The so-called "macrobrew" dominance causes the international stereotype of "American beer" as bad in quality and taste.
The emergence of a small factory
In the 1970s, consolidation and dominance by the country's large factories led to the fewest number of breweries in the country's modern history. Nevertheless, this period also saw the beginning of the current craft beer movement in the country. In 1976, optical and homebrewer engineer Jack McAuliffe founded the New Albion Brewing Company in Sonoma County, California, becoming the nation's first micro factory since the Prohibition. Influenced by Fritz Maytag's recent changes to the Anchor Corporations and previous military deployments in Scotland, the McAuliffe refineries offer bottled, fat, and pale beer delivery to the public who are more accustomed to lager light. Despite lasting only seven years in business, New Albion sparked interest in craft beers and set a precedent for generations of brewers, including Ken Grossman and owner of Mendocino Brewing Company, the country's first brewpub.
On October 14, 1978, H.R. 1337 was signed into law, which legalized house production from a small amount of beer or wine for personal consumption. Since then, the United States has witnessed a revival of brewing culture and the proliferation of a small factory area. In March 1986, five brewpubs had been opened in the United States. The total number of breweries rose from 42 in 1978 to more than 2,750 in 2012, reaching or exceeding the number of factories estimated to have existed during the colonial period. Almost all of this growth is due to independent small factories.
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Economy
Beer is the most popular alcoholic beverage in America and accounts for about 85% of the volume of alcoholic beverages sold in the United States each year. In 2016, the top three beer companies in the US are Anheuser-Busch, MillerCoors, and Pabst Brewing Company. The top branded beer based on market share are Bud Light (28.3%), Budweiser (11.9%) and Coors Light (9.9%). Corona Extra is the No. 1 imported beer. 1, followed by Heineken. The 2009 figures show an overall decrease in beer consumption from previous years, with only craft beer sales rising at a rate of 7-10%. Overall, US beer consumption was calculated at 205.8 million barrels. Light beer is a 52.8% share of US beer sales.
Nearly eighty percent of supermarkets sell beer, about 93 percent of which is sold cold. The US department store industry sold over 2 billion billion US (7.600,000 m 3 ) of beer a year; approximately one-third of all beer bought in the United States. Of the twenty percent of department stores that do not sell beer, most are in Pennsylvania - the sixth largest country by population - due to restrictions on alcohol sales in the state, which make it illegal for easy sale stores and limit sales in supermarkets. Legislation is currently waiting at the Pennsylvania General Assembly to legalize the sale of alcohol at department stores and loosen restrictions on supermarkets.
In 2007, US consumption was 6.7 billion gallons US (25,000,000 m 3 ). Sales of beer in the premium market are rising, while sales in standard parts and the economy are declining. Major brewers join forces to strengthen their position - Anheuser-Busch joins InBev to form Anheuser-Busch InBev, and Molson Coors forms a joint venture with Miller Brewing Company to form MillerCoors. Despite the legal challenges, this country's three-tier distribution system remains in place.
Beer craft
Currently, there are more than 4,000 handicraft factories in the United States and the craft industry employs over 100,000 people beer 15.6 million barrels of beer per year. According to an article by the Associated Press, published in 2016, craft beers are an industry worth $ 22 billion in the United States and sales are up 13% year on year.
The Brewers Association, the American brewery trade group, defines the brewery as a "craft" if: 1. largely independent of outside company ownership, 2. produces less than six million barrels per year, and 3. uses traditional materials such as malt barley , or innovative ingredients to enhance taste.
The five largest craft factories in sales volume order for 2016 are:
- D. G. Yuengling & amp; Child Pottsville, Pennsylvania (Philadelphia),
- Boston Beer Company from Boston, Massachusetts (which produces Samuel Adams beer),
- The Sierra Nevada Beer Company in Chico, California,
- New Belgian Brewing Company Ft. Collins, Colorado, and
- The Gambrinus Company of San Antonio, Texas (which owns Shiner, Texas-based Brewery Spoetzl and produces Shiner Beer).
The relative success of the commercial brewing industry has caused some giant drinks such as AB Inbev to invest in small factories such as Widmer Brothers and Goose Island, and to develop more complex beers on their own. Despite the growth of the handicraft and microbrewing industry, however, the craft still accounts for only 11% of total beer sales by volume in the United States, although that number is expected to increase in the coming decades.
While the rise of beer crafts in the United States has not been determined by a single geographic region, the country's territory is linked to a strong brewing culture including the Midwest, Mountain West, and Pacific Northwest, where the majority of American hop variants have grown. Overall, the West Coast has the most handicraft factories and Deep South has the fewest. Portland, Oregon is currently home to 58 factories, more than any other city in the world. Vermont, Montana, Oregon, Alaska and Colorado have the highest number of breweries per million inhabitants in the country. California, Pennsylvania, Colorado, Ohio and Oregon have the highest total craft output, respectively. Until recently, legal restrictions have prevented handicraft manufacturers from developing in the South, such as restrictions on beer alcohol content and legal status of homebrewing questionable in many Southern countries. In recent years, however, Mississippi has raised the limit on beer alcohol content from 5% to 10% ABV and has been fully legalized as homebrewing.
Craft Beer has a category of Non-Alcoholic Craft that is increasing in popularity at breweries like Surreal Brewing Company in California solely dedicated to creating non-alcoholic beer.
Beer style
Pre-Banned Style
Historical native American beer styles include California common beer or "steam beer", Kentucky Common Beer, amber beer, blond ale and cream ale.
Contemporary handicraft style
Many styles of beer have appeared in the United States since the beginning of the craft beer movement in the 1970s, ranging from variations on traditional European styles to more experimental beers and lager. American craft beers often use newer American hop variants such as Cascade, Citra, Simcoe, Willamette, or Warrior. This Hop, developed by private farmers and universities since the 1970s, contributes to the uniqueness of many American craft beers but is vital to the taste of American Pale Ale (APA) and American Indian Pale Ale. These beers can stray far from their traditional English style adapted from and often very bitter, resin, or fruit.
The American "double" or "empire" IPA, popular style credited to Brewing Company Brewing Company of Russia Vinny Cilurzo, can be very hoppy and strong, ranging from 7-14% ABV with regular bitterness topping 90 MOM. Similarly, American beef stew, inspired by Imperial Russian Stout, may be hoppy and high on ABV, such as Deschutes Abyss or Bourbon County Stout from Goose Island, fermented to 15% ABV and conditioned in bourbon barrels. The new style associated with the Pacific Northwest is the Cascadian Dark Ale, or better known as Black IPA, a very lively beer with dark, roasted malt. Other styles tailored to different American variations include Irish red ale, brown ale, Scotch ale, wheat beer, wheat beer and barleywine. Several factories, such as Off Color Brewing in Chicago, focus on extinct lifestyles since the emergence of Reinheitsgebot in Germany.
Belgian beer style has also been adapted by American factories, including saison, dubbel, triple, and strong Belgian ale. The lighter than this (saison, golden ale strong and triple) beer has a soft malt flavor and light to strong "spicy" characteristics derived from yeast or the addition of spices. The darker the beer (dubbel and strong dark ale) may have a dried fruit flavor that comes from malt, yeast and sugar used to make it. All of these beers are high and low carbon in hop characters. Witbier, a style that was almost extinct until reintroduced by Belgian brewer, Pierre Celis in the 1960s, was one of the best-selling craft beer styles in the United States. Ommegang Brewery, Jolly Pumpkin, and The Bruery are other examples of the Belgian-inspired beer manufacturing factory. In 2014, Spencer Brewery, opened by the monks of St. Joseph's Abbey in Spencer, Massachusetts, became the first certified Trappist brewery outside Europe.
Pale and malt liquor
Although breweries with a variety of stylish offerings continue to gain market share, the best-selling beer styles made in the US are still pale beers, most often made by large scale brewers, including Anheuser-Busch InBev and MillerCoors. These large-scale brewers also produce other popular styles, often relatively light in body, taste, and calories. The light beer, which was introduced on a large scale by the Miller Brewing Company in the early 1970s, is a beer made with reduced alcohol and carbohydrates, and has evolved into the eclipse of many of the original brand pale lager in sales. Bud Light, brewed by Anheuser-Busch InBev, is the best-selling beer in the United States. Ice beer is an example that has been partially frozen in order to concentrate the flavor and alcohol. This technique is based on what is used to create Eisbock, but the two styles do not have a common style (apart from both are lager) otherwise. Dried beer, a Japanese style based on pale beer, is also brewed by several American companies. In dry beer, the yeast is encouraged to consume more fermentables, resulting in a crisper finish and an unusual smooth hop flavor.
Malt liquor is a high pale ABV beer. This often invites controversy because of its alcohol content, larger containers, low prices, and ads that often target the inner city environment.
Distribution
The distribution of beer in America is divided into producers, wholesalers, and retailers. The middle man in this arrangement is a statutory requirement in most countries for more efficient taxation and industry regulation. Before the ban, beer was sold to Americans almost exclusively through saloons. The visitors drink their drinks at the bar or in some cases use "growlers" to take home beer from the saloon. Most of the saloons in America today are owned or controlled by breweries. Following the end of the ban in 1933, states passed laws governing the sale of alcohol, including intermediaries between brewers and previously non-existent retailers, known as distributors, suppliers, or wholesalers. Brewers produce beer, distributors transport and sell them to retailers, and retailers sell them to the public. To ensure that incentives lead to over-serving and corruption before the Prohibition does not exist, countries adopt provisions to ensure the independence of manufacturing, wholesale, and retail in the beer industry. The Delaware law code states that "It is unlawful for the manufacturer or supplier... to own or be interested in any way in any company licensed by the Commissioner to sell alcoholic beverages". This system gives the state more control over the sale of alcohol than ever before because now the market players in each of the three steps require a state license to do business.
Under the three-level tax system can be imposed on three levels of beer distribution process. Brewers pay federal excise taxes. Distributors are taxed by the state (usually on a per volume basis), and then the retailer must pay sales tax. While this adds up to the price of beer, it is believed that higher beer prices will lead to simplicity. A small plant like this system because it ensures a large factory can not control the distributor and block it from the market. Tax rates vary from one state to another; Tennessee tax on wholesale volume ($ 4.21 per barrel) and sales (17% of wholesale selling price). Standard and Poor Analysis estimates that all taxes imposed during the manufacture, distribution and sale of beer add up to 44% of the retail price.
Another problem is the decline of independence between factories and distributors. Most distributors even refer to themselves as distributors of "Anheuser-Busch" or "MillerCoors", and recently Anheuser-Busch InBev has strengthened the incentives in its exclusivity program. Although they do not have the same level of control as Pre-Banning time, manufacturers can still have a big influence on what racks can do. In fact, one of the reasons InBev has just purchased Anheuser-Busch is to gain access to its distribution channel. This lack of independence primarily threatens small factories, which claim that wholesale self-sufficiency is essential to ensure beer success or failure depends on consumer demand, rather than barriers to distribution. They also want to see a ban on lifting contracts between brewers and major parties, especially when they feel that incentive programs from larger manufacturers have overcome this ban for years.
Those who encourage a more open beer distribution system often show recent changes in the wine sales law. All but 11 states now allow wineries to ship directly to consumers, cutting out wholesale middlemen. The reason behind this legislation is because of high shipping costs, only enthusiasts looking for high end, expensive wines utilize this method, thus eliminating the need to raise costs. Proposals to open legislation in the remaining 11 countries are opposed by distributors and retailers who claim to harm small businesses, but are supported by small factories hoping that the change could spread to the beer industry as well.
See also
- List of factories in the United States
References
- References
- Jackson, Michael (1977). World Guide for Beer . New York: Ballantine. ISBN: 0-89471-292-6.
- Mosher, Randy (2009). Beer Tasting . North Adams, MA: Storey Publishing. ISBN: 978-1-60342-089-1.
- Ogle, Maureen (2006). Beer Ambitious: American beer story . Orlando, FL: Harcourt. ISBN: 0-15-101012-9.
External links
- Brief History of the American Brewing Industry, EH.Net
- Beer History library from BeerHistory.com
- Beer American History from Beeradvocate.com.
- The Historyscoper
- Certification rules of the Certification Program of Judge of Birth (BJCP)
- World beer list
Source of the article : Wikipedia
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