Symantec Corporation (commonly known as Symantec ) is an American software company headquartered in Mountain View, California, United States. The company provides software and cybersecurity services. Symantec is a Fortune 500 company and a member of the S & amp; P 500. The company also has a development center in Pune, Chennai and Bengaluru (India).
On October 9, 2014, Symantec said it would split into two publicly traded independent companies by the end of 2015. One company will focus on security, the other on information management. On January 29, 2016, Symantec sold its subsidiary management information, named Veritas Technologies (acquired by Symantec in 2004) for The Carlyle Group.
The name " Symantec " is the portmanteau of the words "syntax" and "semantics" with "technology".
Video Symantec
Histori
1982 hingga 1989
Founded in 1982 by Gary Hendrix with a National Science Foundation grant, Symantec initially focused on projects related to artificial intelligence, including database programs. Hendrix employs several natural language processing researchers at Stanford University as the company's first employee, among them Barry Greenstein (professional poker player and developer of word processing components in Q & A). Hendrix also employs Jerry Kaplan (entrepreneur and writer) as a consultant to build in-RAM databases for Q & amp; A.
In 1984, it became clear that natural languages ​​and advanced database systems developed by Symantec could not be ported from minicomputers DEC to PC. It leaves Symantec without products, but with expertise in systems and technology queries a natural language database. As a result, then in 1984 Symantec was acquired by another, smaller startup software company, C & E Software, founded by Denis Coleman and Gordon Eubanks and headed by Eubanks. C & amp; E Software develops combined file management and word processing programs called Q & amp; A for "questions and answers."
The combined company retains the Symantec name. Eubanks became its chairman, Vern Raburn, former President of the original Symantec, remains as President of the joint company. The new Symantec combines file management and pre-planned word processing functionality C & amp; E, and adds an advanced Advanced Language query system (designed by Gary Hendrix and engineered by Dan Gordon) that sets new standards for ease of database requests and report generation. Natural language system called "Smart Assistant". Turner chooses the Q & amp; A for Symantec's flagship product, largely because the name was lent itself to use in short trademarked logos. Brett Walter designed the user interface Q & amp; A (Brett Walter, Director of Product Management). Q & amp; A was released in November 1985.
During 1986, Vern Raburn and Gordon Eubanks exchanged roles, and Eubanks became CEO and president of Symantec, while Raburn became its chairman. After this change, Raburn has little involvement with Symantec, and in the next few years, Eubanks adds the Chairman to the other roles. After a slow start to Q & amp; A in the fall of 1985 and spring 1986, Turner signed up with a new advertising agency called Elliott/Dickens, embarked on an aggressive new advertising campaign, and came up with a "Six Package Program" where all Symantec employees, regardless of their role, went on the road, and selling dealer sales staff nationwide in the United States. Turner named it Six Pack because employees work six days a week, see six dealers a day, train six sales representatives per store and live with free friends or at Motel 6. Simultaneously, the promotion runs with SofSell (which is Symantec exclusive wholesale distributor in the United States for the first year that Q & A is in the market). This promotion is very successful at encouraging dealers to try Q & A.
During this time, Symantec was advised by Jim Lally and John DoerrÃ, both of which were Symantec board members at that stage - (Kleiner Perkins Caufield & Byers) that if Symantec would slash its spending and grow enough revenue to achieve cash flow breaks-even , then KPCB will return the company in increasing more venture capital. To achieve this, the management team sets up a salary deduction schedule in which the chairman and CEO will take zero salary, all vice presidents will take 50% salary deductions, and all other employee salaries are cut by 15%. Two employees were laid off. Eubanks also negotiated substantial lease reductions in office space hired by the company during the original Symantec period. These cost reductions, combined with strong international sales from Q & amp; A, allows the company to break even.
Traction significantly increased for Q & amp; A of this relaunch boosts Symantec's revenue substantially, along with initial success for Q & amp; A on the international market (uniquely the German version was delivered three weeks after the United States version, and it was the world's first software to support the German Language) after Turner placed an emphasis on establishing an international sales distribution and multi-language version of Q & A from initial delivery.
In 1985, Rod Turner negotiated a publishing agreement with David Whitney for the second product of Symantec, which Turner named NoteIt (an annotation utility for Lotus 1-2-3). It is clear to Turner that NoteIt will disrupt dealer channels if launched under the Symantec name, since Symantec has built interest in that stage in Q & amp; A (but have not yet sent it), and because the low price for utilities initially will not appeal to the dealer channel until demand has been built. Turner feels that the product must be marketed under a unique brand name.
Turner and Gordon E. Eubanks, Jr., then chairman of Symantec Corporation, agreed to form a new division of Symantec, and Eubanks delegate choice names to Turner. Turner chose the name Turner Hall Publishing, to become Symantec's new division aimed at publishing third party software and hardware. The purpose of this division is to diversify revenue and accelerate Symantec's growth. Turner chose the name Turner Hall Publishing, using his last name and the name Dottie Hall (Director of Marketing Communications) to convey a stable and long-standing corporate sense. Turner Hall Publishing's first offer is Note-It, an add-in notation utility for Lotus 1-2-3, developed by David Whitney, and licensed to Symantec. The second product is the Turner Hall Card, which is a 256k RAM, half-slot memory card, originally created to add available memory to Symantec's flagship product, Q & A. Turner Hall Division also markets the card as a stand-alone product. The third product Turner Hall, also add-in 1-2-3 is SQZ! the 1-2-3 Lotus compression spreadsheet utility developed by Chris Graham Synex Systems. In the summer of 1986, Eubanks and Turner recruited Tom Byers from Digital Research, to expand the family of Turner Hall Publishing products and lead Turner Hall's efforts.
In the winter of 1986-1987, the Turner Hall Publishing division has achieved success with NoteIt, Turner Hall Card and SQZ !. The popularity of these products, while donating a small percentage of revenue to Symantec, conveys the impression that Symantec is already a diversified company, and indeed, many industry players are under the impression that Symantec has acquired Turner Hall Publishing. In 1987, Byers recruited Ted Schlein into Turner Hall Products Group to help build a product and marketing family.
Revenue from Q & amp; A and from Symantec's initial launch to the international market, combined with Turner Hall Publishing, resulted in a presence and market scale that enabled Symantec to merge/acquire first, in February 1987, Breakthrough Software, TimeLine's project management software maker for DOS. Since this is the first time Symantec has earned revenue, inventory, and customer businesses, Eubanks chose not to change anything on BreakThrough Software for six months, and actual merger logistics began in the summer of 1987, with Turner being appointed by Eubanks as general manager TimeLine business unit, Turner is responsible for the successful integration of enterprise into Symantec and sustainable business growth, with P & amp; L. There is great emphasis on making the minimum disruption by Eubanks and Turner.
Immediately after the acquisition of TimeLine/Breakthrough Software, Eubanks reorganized Symantec, setting up companies around a product-centric group, each with its own development, quality assurance, technical support and product marketing functions, and General Manager with profit and loss responsibilities. Sales, finance and operations are centralized functions that are shared. This structure provides Symantec with better growth through mergers and acquisitions. Eubanks made Turner the general manager of the new TimeLine Product Group, and simultaneously from Q & amp; A Product Group, and made Tom Byers the general manager of Turner Hall Product Group. Turner continues to build and lead international business and corporate marketing for the entire company.
In TimeLine Product Group, Turner encourages powerful marketing, promotions, and sales programs to accelerate momentum. In 1989, the merger was highly successful - high product group morale, TimeLine development continues, and increased sales and marketing efforts are being built. TimeLine becomes a clear market leader in PC project management software in DOS. Good product group Q & amp; A and TimeLine are beneficially healthy. The earnings stream and the successful merger set the stage for the next merger and acquisition activity by the company, and indeed funded the losses of some of the product groups that were then acquired. In 1989, Eubanks hired John Laing as VP's world sales, and Turner transferred the international division to Laing. Eubanks also recruited Bob Dykes to become Executive Vice President for Operations and Finance, to anticipate the upcoming IPO. In July 1989 Symantec had its IPO.
1990 to 1999
In May 1990, Symantec announced its intention to join and acquire Peter Norton Computing, developer of various utilities for DOS. Turner is appointed product group manager for Norton's business, and is responsible for the merger, with P & amp; L. Ted Schlein was made product group manager for Q & amp; A.
Peter Norton's mergers group logging effort began immediately while the company sought approval for the merger, and in August 1990, Symantec concluded its purchase - at the moment the combination of the company is over. Symantec's consumer antivirus and data management utilities are still marketed under the Norton name. At the time of the merger, Symantec has built on the presence of Turner Hall Publishing in the utility market, by introducing Symantec Antivirus for Macintosh (SAM), and Symantec Utilities for Macintosh (SUM). Both of these products have become market leaders in the Mac, and this success makes the Norton merger more strategic. Symantec has started the development of a DOS-based antivirus program one year prior to a merger with Norton. The management team has decided to enter the antivirus market partly because it is felt that the antivirus market requires a lot of ongoing work to stay ahead of the new virus. The team feels that Microsoft will not find this effort interesting, which will extend the market feasibility for Symantec. Turner decided to use the Norton name for obvious reasons, on what became Norton Antivirus , which Turner and the Norton team launched in 1991. At the time of the merger, Norton revenues were about 20 to 25% of the combined entity. In 1993, when led by Turner, Norton product group revenue grew about 82% of Symantec's total.
At one time Symantec is also known for its development tools, especially THINK Pascal, THINK C, Symantec C, Enterprise Developers, and popular Visual Cafe packages on platforms compatible with Macintosh and IBM PCs. This product line resulted from acquisitions made by companies in the late 1980s and early 1990s. This business and Videotext Life acquisition is consistently not profitable for Symantec, and this loss diverts spending away from either Q & A for Windows and TimeLine for Windows development efforts during the critical period from 1988 to 1992. Symantec exited this business in late-1990 as competitors like Metrowerks, Microsoft, and Borland gained significant market share.
In 1996, Symantec Corporation was accused of misleading financial statements in violation of GAAP.
2000 to present
From 1999 to April 2009 Symantec was led by CEO John W. Thompson, a former VP at IBM. At that time, Thompson was the only African-American who led the major US technology companies. He succeeded in April 2009 by the old company Symantec, executive Enrique Salem. Under Salem, Symantec completed the acquisition of the Verisign Certification Authority business, dramatically increasing their market share.
Salem was abruptly fired in 2012 due to disappointing earnings performance and was replaced by Steve Bennett, former CEO of Intuit and GE executives. In January 2013, Bennett announced a major corporate reorganization, with the goal of reducing costs and increasing its Symantec product line. He says that sales and marketing "are high cost but do not deliver quality results". He concluded that "Our system is broken".
Robert Enderle of CIO.com reviewed the reorganization and noted that Bennett followed the General Electric model as a focus on the product instead of customer focus. He concluded, "Eliminating middle management eliminates a large number of highly paid employees.This will tactically increase Symantec's profits but reduce the skills needed to ensure high-quality products over the long term."
In March 2014, Symantec fired Steve Bennett from his CEO position and named Michael Brown as the interim president and chief executive. Including interim CEO, Symantec has had 3 CEOs in less than two years. On September 25, 2014 Symantec announced the appointment of Michael A. Brown as President and Chief Executive Officer. Brown has been a temporary President and Chief Executive Officer of the company since March 20, 2014. Brown has served as a member of the Company's Board of Directors since July 2005 following the acquisition of VERITAS Software Corporation. Mr. Brown has served on the board of directors of VERITAS since 2003.
In July 2016, Symantec introduced a solution to help couriers protect connected vehicles against zero-day attacks. The Symantec Anomaly Detection for Automotive is an IoT solution for manufacturers and uses machine learning to provide security analytics in the vehicle. Greg Clark took the position of CEO in August 2016.
In November 2016, Symantec announced its intention to acquire LifeLock identity theft protection company for $ 2.3 billion.
In August 2017, Symantec announced that it has agreed to sell its business unit that verifies the website's identity to Thoma Bravo. With this acquisition, Thoma Bravo plans to merge the Symantec business unit with its own web certification company, DigiCert.
On January 4, 2018, Symantec and BT announced their partnership that provides new endpoint security protection.
Demerger
On October 9, 2014, Symantec stated that the company will be separated into two publicly traded independent companies by the end of 2015. Symantec will continue to focus on security, while new companies will be established with a focus on information management. Symantec confirmed on January 28, 2015 that the information management business will be called Veritas Technologies Corporation, marking the return of the Veritas name. In August 2015, Symantec agreed to sell Veritas to a private equity group led by The Carlyle Group for $ 8 billion. The sale was completed in February 2016 which turned Veritas into a private company.
Maps Symantec
Norton Products
Pada 2015, lini produk Norton Symantec termasuk Norton Security, Norton Small Business, Norton Family, Norton Mobile Security, Norton Online Backup, Norton360, Norton Utilities dan Norton Computer Tune Up.
In 2012, PCTools iAntiVirus was renamed to Norton product under the name iAntivirus, and released to the Mac App Store. Also in 2012, Norton Partner Portal is relaunched to support sales to consumers across EMEA technologies.
Mergers and acquisitions
ACT!
In 1993, Symantec acquired ACT! from International Software Contacts. Symantec sells ACT! to SalesLogix in 1999. At that time it was the most popular CRM app in the world for Windows and Macintosh.
Veritas
On December 16, 2004, Veritas Software and Symantec announced their plans for a merger. With Veritas worth $ 13.5 billion, it is the biggest software industry merger today. Symantec shareholders decided to approve merger on June 24, 2005; the deal successfully closed on July 2, 2005. July 5, 2005, was the first day of business for the new US joint software company office. As a result of this merger, Symantec includes the storage and availability of related products in its portfolio, namely Veritas File System (VxFS), Veritas Volume Manager (VxVM), Veritas Volume Replicator (VVR), Veritas Cluster Server (VCS), NetBackup (NBU) Backup Exec (BE) and Enterprise Vault (EV).
Pada 29 Januari 2016, Symantec menjual Veritas Technologies ke The Carlyle Group.
Sygate
On August 16, 2005, Symantec acquired Sygate, a security software company based in Fremont, California, with approximately 200 staff. On November 30, 2005, all of Sygate's personal firewall products were discontinued.
Altiris
On January 29, 2007, Symantec announced plans to acquire Altiris, and on April 6, 2007, the acquisition was completed. Altiris specializes in service-oriented management software that enables organizations to manage IT assets. It also provides software for web services, security and system management products. Founded in 1998, Altiris is headquartered in Lindon, Utah.
Vontu
On November 5, 2007, Symantec announced the acquisition of Vontu, a leader in the Data Loss Prevention (DLP) solution, for $ 350 million.
Business Application Performance Management
On January 17, 2008, Symantec announced that it is trimming its Application Performance Management (APM) business and i3 product line to Vector Capital. The Right Software Solution took over the development, product management, marketing and sales for APM business, launched as an independent company on September 17, 2008.
PC Tools
On August 18, 2008, Symantec announced the signing of an agreement to acquire PC Tools. Under the agreement, PC Tools will maintain a separate operation. The financial terms of the acquisition are not disclosed. In May 2013, Symantec announced that it did not continue the PC Tools path of internet security software.
In December 2013, Symantec announced that they stop and stop all PC Tools brands and offer non-expired licenses to PC Tools Performance Toolkit, PC Tools Registry Mechanic, PC Tools File Recover and PC Tools Privacy Guardian Users with active subscriptions as of December 4, 2013.
AppStream
On April 18, 2008, Symantec completed the acquisition of AppStream, Inc. ("AppStream"), a nonpoint-based, non-public endpoint virtualization software provider Palo Alto, California. AppStream was obtained to complement Symantec's endpoint management and portfolio as well as virtualization strategy.
MessageLabs
On October 9, 2008, Symantec announced its intention to acquire Gloucester-based MessageLabs (separated from Star Internet in 2007) to improve the Software business as a Service (SaaS). Symantec buys online messages and Web security providers for approximately $ 695 million in cash. The acquisition closes on November 17, 2008.
PGP and GuardianEdge
On April 29, 2010, Symantec announced its intention to acquire PGP Corporation and GuardianEdge. The acquisition closes on June 4, 2010, and provides access to established encryption, key management and technology for Symantec customers.
Verisign authentication
On May 19, 2010, Symantec signed a definitive agreement to acquire Verisign's authentication business unit, which includes Secure Sockets Layer (SSL) Certificates, Public Key Infrastructure (PKI), Verisign Trust, and Verisign Identity Protection (VIP) authentication services. The acquisition closes on August 9, 2010. In August 2012, Symantec completed the rebranding of Verisign SSL Certificate Service by renaming Verisign Trust Seal, Norton Secured Seal.
Rulespace
Acquired on October 10, 2010, RuleSpace is the first web categorization product developed in 1996. The categorization automatically uses what Symantec calls the Automated Categorization System (ACS) . This is used as a basis for content filtering by many UK ISPs.
Clearwell Systems
On May 19, 2011, Symantec announced the acquisition of Clearwell Systems for approximately $ 390 million.
LiveOffice
On January 17, 2012, Symantec announced the acquisition of cloud-archiving cloud company LiveOffice. The acquisition price is $ 115 million. Last year, Symantec joined cloud storage and backup sectors with Enterprise Vault.cloud and Cloud Storage solutions for Vault Enterprise, in addition to cloud messaging solutions, Symantec Instant Messaging Security cloud (IMS.cloud). Symantec stated that the acquisition will add information governance products, enabling customers to store information in place, in the Symantec data center, or both.
Odyssey Software
On March 2, 2012, Symantec completed the acquisition of the Odyssey Software. Odyssey Software's main product is Athens, which is a device management software that extends Microsoft System Center solutions, adding the ability to manage, support and control mobile and embedded devices, such as smart phones and rugged handhelds.
Nukona Inc.
Symantec completed the acquisition of Nukona, a provider of mobile application management (MAM), on April 2, 2012. The acquisition agreement between Symantec and Nukona was announced on March 20, 2012.
NitroDesk Inc.
In May 2014 Symantec acquired NitroDesk, a provider of TouchDown, a leading third-party EAS mobile app on the market.
Blue Coat Systems
On June 13, 2016 it was announced that Symantec had acquired Blue Coat for $ 4.65 billion.
Security worries and controversy
Re-Statement
On August 9, 2004, the company announced that they found errors in the calculation of deferred income, representing an accumulated adjustment of $ 20 million.
Endpoint bug
The arrival of 2010 triggers a bug in Symantec Endpoint. Symantec reports that malware and intrusion updates with "larger dates than December 31, 2009 11:59 pm are considered 'out of date'." The company makes and distributes solutions for this problem.
Scan avoidance vulnerability
In March 2010, it was reported that Symantec AntiVirus and Symantec Client Security are vulnerable to vulnerabilities that allow attackers to bypass virus scans when requested, and allow malicious files to escape detection.
Vulnerability of denial attack
In January 2011, several vulnerabilities in Symantec products that could be exploited by denial-of-service attacks, and thus system compromises, were reported. The products involved are Symantec AntiVirus Corporate Edition Server and Symantec System Center.
12 November 2012 The Vulnerability Bulletin of the US Computer Emergency Preparedness Team (AS-CERT) reports the following vulnerabilities for older versions of Symantec Antivirus systems: "Decomposer Machines at Symantec Endpoint Protection (SEP) 11.0, Symantec Endpoint Protection Small Business Issue 12.0, Symantec AntiVirus Corporate Edition (SAVCE) 10.x, and Symantec Scan Engine (SSE) prior to 5.2.8 does not properly check the CAB archive content limit, allowing remote attackers to cause a service rejection (application crash) or possibly execute arbitrary code via file which are made. "
The problem is related to older system versions and patches available. US-CERT assesses the seriousness of this vulnerability as 9.7 on a 10 point scale. "Decomposer machine" is a component of a scanning system that opens a container, such as a compressed file, so the scanner can evaluate the files in it.
Scareware lawsuit
In January 2012, James Gross filed a lawsuit against Symantec for distributing a fake scareware scanner that deliberately notifies users of problems with their computers. Gross claims that after scanning, only a few errors and problems are fixed, and he's asked by the scanner to buy the Symantec app to remove the rest. Gross claims that he bought the app, but did not speed up his computer or remove the detected virus. He hired a digital forensics expert to support this claim. Symantec denied the allegations and said that it would oppose the case. Symantec completed $ 11 million (up to $ 9 to more than 1 million eligible customers representing an overpayment amount for the app) and the case was rejected in court.
Source code theft
On January 17, 2012, Symantec revealed that the network has been hacked. A hacker known as "Yama Tough" has gained source code for some Symantec software by hacking out Indian government servers. Yama Tough released the code section, and threatened to release more. According to Chris Paden, Symantec spokesman, the source code taken is for Enterprise products between the ages of five and six.
On September 25, 2012, anonymous hacker affiliates publish the source code from Norton Utilities. Symantec confirmed that it was part of the code that had been stolen before, and the leakage included code for the 2006 version of Norton Utilities, pcAnywhere and Norton Antivirus.
Verisign data violation
In February 2012, it was reported that Verisign networks and data were hacked repeatedly in 2010, but the violations have not been publicly disclosed until they were recorded in the SEC filings in October 2011. Verisign did not provide information about whether the violations included the business authority certificate, which acquired by Symantec in late 2010. Oliver Lavery, Director of Security and Research for nCircle, asked rhetorically, "Can we trust any site using a Verisign SSL certificate? Without further clarity, the logical answer is no."
pcAnywhere exploits
On February 17, 2012, details about pcAnywhere exploits are posted. Exploit will allow attackers to crash pcAnywhere on a computer running Windows. Symantec released a hotfix for this issue twelve days later.
Hacking the network New York Times
According to Mandiant, Symantec's security products used by The New York Times only detect one of 45 malware installed by Chinese hackers on the newspaper network over a three-month period at the end of 2012. Symantec responded:
"Follow-up attacks like the New York Times are described in the following article, http://nyti.ms/TZtr5z>, emphasizing the importance for companies, countries and consumers to ensure they use the full capabilities of security solutions. Advanced capabilities in our offerings [E] ndpoint, including our unique reputation-based and behavior-based blocking technology, specifically targeting sophisticated attacks Enabling only signature-based anti-virus components from [E] ndpoint solutions is not enough in a world that change daily from attacks and threats.We encourage customers to be very aggressive in deploying solutions that offer a combined approach to security.An anti-virus software alone is not enough ".
Intellectual Ventures suit
In February 2015, Symantec was found guilty of two counts of patent infringement in a lawsuit by Intellectual Ventures Inc. and ordered to pay $ 17 million in compensation and damages. In September 2016, this decision was canceled on appeal by the Federal Circuit.
Maintaining the security of digital certificates
On September 18, 2015, Google told Symantec that the latter issued 23 test certificates for five organizations, including Google and Opera, unbeknownst to domain owners. Symantec performed another audit and announced that there were additional 164 incorrect test certificates issued for 76 domains and 2,458 incorrect test certificates issued for domains that had never been registered. Google requests that Symantec update its public incident report with a proven analysis explaining the details of each such failure.
The Company is required to report all certificates issued to the Certificate Transparency log for the rest. Symantec has since implemented Certificate Transparency for all its SSL Certificates. On top of that, Google has confirmed that Symantec performs security audits by third parties and to maintain unproven security audit records.
Google and Symantec clashes on website security checks
On March 24, 2017, Google declared that they had lost confidence in Symantec, after the latest incident of undue certificate issuance. Google says the existing millions of Symantec certificates will become untrusted in Google Chrome over the next 12 months. According to Google, Symantec partners issued at least 30,000 validity validity certificates over the years, but Symantec disputed the numbers. Google said Symantec failed to comply with industry standards and could not provide an audit showing the required documentation.
Google Ryan Sleevi says that Symantec partnered with other CAs (CrossCert (Korea Electronic Certificate Authority), Certisign Certificatadora Digital, Certsuperior S. de R. L. de C.V., and Certisur S.A.) who did not follow the proper verification procedure leading to a certificate error.
After a discussion in which Google has requested that Symantec migrate the operation of Symantec branded certificates instead of Symantec's "Managed Partner Partners", an agreement was announced in which DigiCert acquired the Symantec website security business. In September 2017, Google announced that it started with Chrome 66, "Chrome will remove the trust in Symantec issued certificates issued before June 1, 2016". Google further states that "on December 1, 2017, Symantec will transition the publicly-issued certificate publishing and operation of the certificate to DigiCert infrastructure, and certificates issued from the Symantec infrastructure shortly after this date will not be trusted in Chrome." Google estimates that towards the end of October 2018, with the release of Chrome 70, the browser will eliminate all trust in Symantec's old infrastructure and all the certificates it releases, affecting most serial certificates to the Symantec root.
See also
- Comparison of antivirus software
- Comparison of computer viruses
- Huawei Symantec, a joint venture between Huawei and Symantec
- List of mergers and acquisitions by Symantec
- Web blocking in the UK - Technology
- The behavioral analysis technology of Symantec SONAR and AntiBot
References
External links
- Official website
Source of the article : Wikipedia
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