motorbikes , often called bikes , motorcycles , or cycles , are two or three wheeled vehicles. Motorcycle designs vary greatly for a variety of purposes: long distance travel, commuting, sailing, sports including racing, and off-road riding. Motorcycles riding motorcycles and related social activities such as joining motorcycle clubs and attending motorcycle meetings.
In 1894, Hildebrand & amp; WolfmÃÆ'ller became the first production motorcycle series, and the first was called a motorcycle. In 2014, the top three global motorcycle manufacturers by volume are Honda, Yamaha (both from Japan), and the MotoCorp Hero (India).
In developing countries, motorcycles are considered utilitarian because of lower prices and greater fuel economy. Of all the motorcycles in the world, 58% are in the Asia-Pacific region and South and East Asia, excluding Japan-centered cars.
According to the US Department of Transportation, the number of fatalities per vehicle traveling is 37 times higher for motorcycles than cars.
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The term motorbike has different legal definitions depending on the jurisdiction (see #Formula and legal restrictions).
There are three main types of motorcycles: road, off-road, and multiple destinations. In this type, there are many sub-types of motorbikes for different purposes. There are often racing colleagues for each type, such as road racing and street bikes, or motocross and dirt bikes.
Street motors include cruisers, sportbikes, scooters and mopeds, and many other types. Off-road motors include many types that are designed for dirt-oriented racing classes such as motocross and are not legal in most areas. The dual purpose engines like the dual-sport style are made to go off-road but include features to make them legal and comfortable on the road as well.
Each configuration offers special advantages or broad capabilities, and each design creates a different driving posture.
In some countries the use of pillions (rear seats) is limited.
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History
Experiments and findings
The first internal combustion, the petroleum-fueled motorcycle is Daimler Reitwagen . It was designed and built by German inventors Gottlieb Daimler and Wilhelm Maybach in Bad Cannstatt, Germany in 1885. This vehicle was not like a safety bike or a backbone bike at that time because it had zero degree of steering wheel angle and no fork offset, and thus not using the principles of the dynamics of bicycles and motorcycles developed nearly 70 years earlier. Instead, he relies on two outrigger wheels to stay upright while spinning.
The inventors call their invention as Reitwagen ("driving a car"). It was designed as a testing ground for their new engine, not the actual prototype vehicle.
The first commercial design for the self-propelled cycle was a three-wheeled design called the Butler's Gas Cycle, which was conceived by Edward Butler in England in 1884. He exhibited his plans for a vehicle at the Stanley Cycle Show in London in 1884. The vehicle was built by the Fire Extinguisher Merryweather Fire in Greenwich, in 1888.
The Butler Gasoline Cycle is a three-wheeled vehicle, with the rear wheels driven directly by / 8 Ã, hp (0.47 kW), 40Ã, cc ( 2.4Ã, cuÃ, in) displacement, 2 1 / 4 in ÃÆ' â € "5 in ( 57 mm), Ã, , Ã, Ã, Ã, Ã, Ã, Ã, Ã, Ã, Ã, Ã, Ã, stroke, flat twin four-stroke engine (with magneto ignition replaced with coil and battery) equipped with rotary valve and float-fed carburetor (five years before Maybach) and the helm of Ackermann, were all art at the time. Starting is with compressed air. The engine is cooled with liquid, with a radiator on the rear steering wheel. Speed ​​is controlled by using the throttle valve lever. No braking system installed; the vehicle is stopped by raising and lowering the rear steering wheel using a lever operated by the foot; the weight of the machine is then covered by two small distance wheels. The driver sat between the front wheels. However, it did not work, because Butler failed to find enough financial support.
Many authorities do not rule out steam power, electric motorcycles, or diesel-powered two-wheeled vehicles from the definition of 'motorcycle', and give credit to Daimler Reitwagen as the world's first motorcycle. Given the rapid increase in the use of electric motorcycles worldwide, defining only two-wheeled internal-powered combustion vehicles as 'motorcycles' is increasingly problematic.
If a two-wheeled vehicle with steam drive is considered a motorcycle, the first motorcycle to be built appears to be the French Michaux-Perreaux velocipede whose patent application was filled in December 1868, built around the same time as the American Roper steam velocipede, built by Sylvester H. Roper Roxbury, Massachusetts. who showed his machine at an exhibition and circus in the eastern US in 1867, Roper built about 10 cars and a steam cycle from 1860 until his death in 1896.
Summary of initial findings
First motorcycle company
In 1894, Hildebrand & amp; WolfmÃÆ'llller became the first production motorcycle series, and the first was called a motorcycle (German: Motorrad ). Excelsior Motor Company, originally a bicycle manufacturing company based in Coventry, England, started production of their first motorcycle model in 1896. The first production motorcycle in the US was Orient-Aster, built by Charles Metz in 1898 at its plant in Waltham, Massachusetts.
In the early period of motorcycle history, many bicycle manufacturers adapted their designs to accommodate the new internal combustion engine. When the engine becomes stronger and the design exceeds the origin of the bike, the number of motorcycle manufacturers increases. Many of the nineteenth-century inventors who worked on early motorcycles often moved on to other discoveries. Daimler and Roper, for example, both developed cars.
At the turn of the 19th century, the first large mass production companies were formed. In 1898, Triumph Motorcycles in England began producing motorcycles, and in 1903 produced more than 500 bicycles. Other British companies are Royal Enfield, Norton and Birmingham Small Arms Company which started motorcycle production in 1899, 1902 and 1910, respectively. India began production in 1901 and Harley-Davidson was founded two years later. With the outbreak of World War I, the world's largest motorcycle manufacturer is India, producing more than 20,000 bikes per year.
First World War
During the First World War, motorcycle production was greatly enhanced for the war effort to provide effective communication with frontline troops. Rasuls on horses were replaced by motorists on motorcycles carrying messages, conducting surveillance and acting as military police. The American company Harley-Davidson devoted more than 50% of his factory output to military contracts at the end of the war. The British company, Triumph Motorcycles, sold more than 30,000 Triumph Type H models to allied forces during the war. With a belt-driven rear wheel, the Model H is equipped with a 499 cc air-cooled, one-cylinder four-cylinder four-cylinder engine (30.5 cuÃ, in). It was also the first Triumph without a pedal.
Model H in particular, is considered by many to be the first "modern motorcycle". Introduced in 1915 it has a 550-cc four-valve side-valve engine with a three-speed gearbox and a belt transmission. It's very popular with its users who are nicknamed "Safe Victory."
Postwar
In 1920, Harley-Davidson was the largest manufacturer, with their motorcycles sold by dealers in 67 countries. In the late 1920s or early 1930s, DKW in Germany took over as the largest manufacturer.
In the 1950s, downsizing began to play an increasingly important part in the development of motorcycle racing and "fairing garbage" stretched out the possibility of radical changes in the design of motorcycles. NSU and Moto Guzzi are at the forefront of this development, both of which result in a very radical design far ahead of their time. The NSU produced the most sophisticated designs, but after the demise of four NSU drivers in the 1954-1956 season, they left further development and exited the Grand Prix motor racing.
Moto Guzzi produced a competitive racing engine, and by 1957 almost all Grand Prix races were won by a simplified engine. The following year, 1958, the full cage fairings were banned from racing by the FIM in light of the security issue.
From the 1960s to the 1990s, two-stroke small motorcycles were popular around the world, partly as a result of the work of East German machine MZs Walter Kaaden in the 1950s.
Today
In the 21st century, the motorcycle industry is predominantly dominated by the Chinese motorcycle industry and by Japanese motorcycle companies. In addition to large-capacity motorcycles, there is a large market with a smaller capacity (less than 300 cc) of motorcycles, mostly concentrated in Asian and African countries and produced in China and India. The Japanese example is the Honda Super Cub of 1958, which became the biggest selling vehicle of all time, with a 60 million unit produced in April 2008. Currently, this area is dominated by most Indian companies with Hero MotoCorp emerging as the world's largest two-wheeler producer. Splendor model has sold more than 8.5 million to date. Other major manufacturers are Bajaj and TVS Motors.
Technical aspects
Construction
Motorcycle construction is the engineering, manufacturing, and assembly of components and systems for motorcycles that produce the performance, cost, and aesthetics desired by the designer. With a few exceptions, the construction of modern mass-produced motorcycles has been standardized on steel or aluminum frames, telescopic forks holding the front wheels, and disc brakes. Several other body parts, designed for aesthetic or performance reasons can be added. A gasoline engine typically consists of between one and four cylinders (and less often, up to eight cylinders) connected to a five-or six-speed manual transmission that drives a swingarm rear wheel mounted by a chain, driveshaft, or belt.
Fuel economy
The fuel economy of a motorcycle varies greatly with engine displacement and driving style. Matzuzawa Honda XL125 is sleek and fair to reach 470 mpg -US (0.50 L/100 km; 560 mpg -imp ) at Craig Vetter Fuel Economy Challenge "on road - Because of the low engine displacement (100Ã, cc-200Ã, cc), and high power-to-mass ratio, motorcycles offer good fuel economy. Under conditions of fuel scarcity such as the 1950s UK and modern emerging countries, motorcycles claim a large share of the vehicle market.
Electric motor
The very high fuel economy equation is often obtained from electric motorcycles. Electric motorcycles are almost silent, vehicles driven by zero emission electric motors. The operating range and top speed are limited by battery technology. Fuel cells and petroleum-electric hybrids are also being developed to expand the range and improve the performance of electric drive systems.
Reliability
A 2013 survey of 4,424 US magazine readers Consumer Reports collected reliability data on 4,680 newly purchased motorcycles from 2009 to 2012. The most common problem areas are accessories, brakes, electrics (including startup, charging , ignition), and fuel systems, and the types of motorcycles with the biggest problems are tour, off-road/dual sport, sport-touring, and cruiser. There were not enough sports bikes in the survey for statistically significant conclusions, although the data signaled the reliability and ability of the cruisers. These results may be partly explained by accessories including equipment such as fairings, suitcases, and additional lighting, which are often added to tours, adventure/sport double tours and sport touring bikes. Problems with the fuel system are often caused by improper winter storage, and brake problems may also be caused by poor maintenance. Of the five brands with enough data to draw conclusions, Honda, Kawasaki and Yamaha are statistically tied, with 11 to 14% of the bikes in the survey undergoing major improvements. Harley-Davidsons has a 24% rate, while BMW does the worst, with 30% of those in need of major repairs. There are not enough Triumph and Suzuki motorcycles surveyed for statistically good conclusions, although Suzukis seems equally reliable with three other Japanese brands, while Triumph is comparable to Harley-Davidson and BMW. Three quarters of the improvements in survey costs are less than US $ 200 and two-thirds of motorcycles repaired in less than two days. Despite their relatively poor reliability in the survey, Harley-Davidson and BMW owners showed the greatest owner satisfaction, and three-quarters of them said they would buy the same bike again, followed by 72% of Honda owners and 60 to 63% of Kawasaki and Yamaha owners.
Dynamics
Different types of motorcycles have different dynamics and these play a role in how motorcycles perform under certain conditions. For example, one with a longer wheelbase provides a more stable feeling by responding to fewer distractions. Motorcycle tires have a big effect on handling.
Motorbikes should lean to make a turn. This lean is induced by a method known as countersteering, in which the rider momentarily directs the handlebars in the opposite direction of the desired turn. This practice is counterproductive and therefore often confusing for beginners - and even many experienced motorcyclists.
With a short wheelbase, the motorcycle can produce sufficient torque on the rear wheels, and simply stop power on the front wheels, to lift the opposite wheel from the road. This action, if done intentionally, is known as wheelies and stoppies (or endos).
Accessories
Various features and accessories can be attached to the motorcycle either as an OEM (factory-fitted) or aftermarket. Such accessories are selected by the owner to improve the appearance, safety, performance, or comfort of a motorcycle, and may include anything from cellular electronics to carts and trailers.
Security
Motorcycles have a higher fatal accident rate than cars or trucks and buses. The US Department of Transportation's 2005 data from the Fatality Analysis Reporting System shows that for passenger cars, 18.62 fatal accidents occur per 100,000 registered vehicles. For motorcycles, this figure is higher at 75.19 per 100,000 registered vehicles - four times higher than cars. The same data shows that 1.56 casualties occur per 100 million miles of passenger vehicles, while for motorcycles the figure is 43.47 which is 28 times higher than that of cars (37 times more deaths per mile made in 2007 ). Furthermore, for motorcycles, the accident rate has increased significantly since the late 1990s, while the tariffs fell for passenger cars.
The most common configuration of motorcycle accidents in the United States is when motorists pull out or spin in front of motorcyclists, violating their rights. This is sometimes called SMIDSY, an acronym formed from the driver's general response of "I'm sorry, I do not see you". Motorcyclists can anticipate and avoid some of these accidents with proper training, increase their visibility into other traffic, maintain speed limits, and not consume alcohol or other drugs before boarding.
The United Kingdom has several organizations dedicated to improving motorcycle safety by providing advanced motorist training beyond what it takes to pass a basic motorcycle license test. These include the Institute of Advanced Motorists (IAM) and the Royal Society for the Prevention of Accidents (RoSPA). As personal safety improves, motorists with these advanced qualifications can benefit from reduced insurance costs
In South Africa, Think Bike's campaign is dedicated to improving motorcycle safety and motorcycle awareness on country roads. The campaign, while the strongest in Gauteng province, has representatives in the Western Cape, KwaZulu Natal, and Free State. It has dozens of trained marshals available for various events like cycling and is heavily involved in various other projects such as the annual Toy Motor Run.
Motorcycle safety education is offered throughout the United States by organizations ranging from state agencies to nonprofit organizations to companies. Most states use courses designed by Motorcycle Safety Foundation (MSF), while Oregon and Idaho develop it themselves. All training programs include the Basic Rider Course, the Intermediate Driver Course, and the Advanced Rider Course.
In Ireland, since 2010, in the UK and some Australian jurisdictions, such as Victoria, New South Wales, Australian Capital Territories, Tasmania and the Northern Territory, it is mandatory to complete a basic rider training course before the Student License is issued, after which they can ride in public road.
In Canada, the training of motorcyclists is mandatory in Quebec and Manitoba only, but all provinces and regions have passed the licensing program that places restrictions on new drivers until they gain experience. Eligibility for full motorcycle license or support for completing the Motorcycle Safety course varies by province. The Canada Safety Council, a non-profit safety organization, offers Canada's Gearing Up program and is supported by Motorcycles and the Moped Industry Council. Graduates of training programs may be eligible to reduce insurance premiums.
The position of a motorcyclist
The position of riding a motorist depends on the body-geometry rider (anthropometry) combined with the motorcycle's geometry itself. These factors create a set of three basic postures.
- Sport - the rider bends forward to the wind and the upper body weight is supported by the rider's core at low speed and high-speed air pressure (eg, above 50 mph (80 km/h)). Footpegs are under the rider or backward. The reduced frontal area cuts wind resistance and allows for higher speeds. At low speed, this position throws the rider's load into the arm, which can exhaust the rider's wrist.
- Standard - rider sitting upright or leaning forward slightly. The legs are under the rider. These are motorcycles that are not specific to a single task, so they do not excel in certain areas. Standard postures are used with touring and commuting as well as dirt and dual-sport bikes, and may offer benefits for beginners.
- Cruiser - the rider sits at a lower seat height with his upper body erect or slightly leaning back. The legs are extended to the front, sometimes out of the range of regular controls on the cruiser pegs. Low chair height can be a consideration for new or short riders. Handlebars tend to be tall and wide. The emphasis is on comfort, while sacrificing cornering ability due to low ground clearance and the greater likelihood of scratching the foot pedals, floor boards, or other parts if turns taken at other motorcycle speeds can be more easily achieved.
Motorcycle ergonomic geometry factors that determine the seating posture include altitude, angle and location of footpegs, chairs and handlebars. Factors in the physical geometry of the rider that contribute to the sitting posture include the body, arms, thighs and leg length, and overall rider height.
Legal definitions and restrictions
A motorcycle is widely defined by law in most countries for registration purposes, taxation and licensed drivers as a two-wheeled motor vehicle. Most countries distinguish between 50 cc mopeds and stronger and larger vehicles (scooters do not count as separate categories). Many jurisdictions include several forms of three-wheeled cars as motorcycles.
Environmental impact
Motorcycles and scooters' low fuel consumption have attracted interest in the United States from the environment and those affected by the fuel price hike. Piaggio Group Americas supports this interest with the launch of the "Vespanomics" website and platform, claiming carbon emissions per mile lower than 0.4 Ã, Â £/mil (113 g/km) less than the average car, 65% reduction, and better fuel economy.
However, motorcycle exhaust emissions can contain 10-20 times more nitrogen oxide (NOx), carbon monoxide, and unburned hydrocarbons than exhaust from passenger cars or SUVs of the same year. This is because many motorcycles lack catalytic converter, and emission standards are much more permissive for motorcycles than other vehicles. While catalytic converters have been installed in most gasoline-powered cars and trucks since 1975 in the United States, they can bring appropriateness and heat difficulties in motorcycle applications.
The 2007 United States Environmental Protection Agency's 2007 certification report for all vehicles compared to road motorcycles (which also includes scooters), the average certified emissions level for 12,327 tested vehicles was 0.734. The average "Nox Co End-Of-Useful-Life-Emission" for 3,863 motorcycles under test is 0.8531. 54% of the 2007 model motorcycle tested were equipped with a catalytic converter.
United States emissions limit
The following table shows the maximum acceptable legal emissions from a combination of hydrocarbons, nitrogen oxides, and carbon monoxide for new motorcycles sold in the United States with 280Ã, cc or greater piston displacement.
The maximum legal emissions received from hydrocarbons and carbon monoxide for new Class I and II motorcycles (50 cc-169 cc and 170 cc-279 cc) each sold in the United States are as follows:
Europe
European emissions standards for motorcycles are similar to cars. New motorcycles must meet Euro III standards, while cars must meet Euro V standards. Motorcycle emissions controls are being updated and have been proposed to update to Euro IV in 2012 and Euro V by 2015.
See also
- List of motorcycle manufacturers
- Motorcycle industry in China
- Efficient motorcycles
Note
References
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G.N. Georgano (2002). Beginning and New Year, 1885-1930: Coachbuilding Gold Era . Mason Crest Publishers.
External links
- Motorcycle in Curlie (based on DMOZ)
Source of the article : Wikipedia
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