Sleep is a state of mind and body that repeats itself naturally, characterized by altered consciousness, relative inhibited sensory activity, inhibition of almost all voluntary muscles, and reduced interaction with its surroundings. It is distinguished from consciousness by the decreased ability to react to stimuli, but is more easily reversed than the state of being into a coma.
Sleep occurs in repetitive periods, where the body alternates between two different modes: REM sleep and non-REM sleep. Although REM stands for "rapid eye movement", this sleep mode has many other aspects, including the virtual paralysis of the body. The famous sleep feature is a dream, an experience usually narrated in the form of a narrative, which resembles a conscious life, but which can usually be distinguished as fantasy.
During sleep, most of the body's systems are in anabolic state, helping to restore the immune system, nerves, bones, and muscles; it is a vital process that maintains mood, memory, and cognitive function, and plays a major role in the functioning of the endocrine and immune systems. Internal circadian clocks promote sleep every day at night. Various goals and sleep mechanisms are the subject of major ongoing research.
Humans may suffer from various sleep disorders, including dyssomnia such as insomnia, hypersomnia, narcolepsy, and sleep apnea; parasomnia such as sleepwalking and REM behavior disorder; bruxism; and sleep disorders circadian rhythms. The emergence of artificial light substantially alters the sleep time in industrialized countries.
Video Sleep
Physiology
The most noticeable physiological changes in sleep occur in the brain. The brain uses significantly less energy during sleep than when awake, especially during non-REM sleep. In areas with reduced activity, the brain restores the supply of adenosine triphosphate (ATP), a molecule used for short-term storage and energy transport. In a quiet state, the brain is responsible for 20% of the body's energy use, so this reduction has a visible effect independently on overall energy consumption.
Sleep increases the sensory threshold. In other words, the sleeper feels less stimulation. However, they generally can still respond to loud noise and other important sensory events.
During slow-wave sleep, humans secrete growth hormone bursts. All sleep, even during the day, is associated with prolactin secretion.
The main physiological methods for monitoring and measuring changes during sleep include electroencephalography (EEG) of brain waves, electrooculography (EOG) of eye movement, and electromyography (EMG) of skeletal muscle activity. The simultaneous collection of these measurements is called polysomnography, and can be performed in specialized sleep laboratories. Sleep researchers also used a simplified electrocardiography (EKG) for cardiac activity and actigraphy for motor movement.
Non-REM and REM sleep
Sleep is divided into two broad types: non-rapid eye movement (non-REM or NREM) sleep and rapid eye movement (REM) sleep. Non-REM and REM sleep is so different that physiologists identify them as different behavioral states. Non-REM sleep occurs first and after a transition period is called slow-wave sleep or deep sleep. During this phase, body temperature and heart rate go down, and the brain uses less energy. REM sleep, also known as sleep paradox, represents a fraction of the total sleep time. This is a prime opportunity for dreams (or nightmares), and deals with synchronized and rapid brain waves, eye movement, loss of muscle tone, and homeostatic suspension.
Alternative NREM sleep cycles and REM sleep take an average of 90 minutes, occurring 4-6 times in a restful night's sleep. The American Academy of Sleep Medicine (AASM) divides NREM into three stages: N1, N2, and N3, the latter also called delta sleep or slow wave sleep. The whole period usually takes place in the order: N1 -> N2 -> N3 -> N2 -> REM. REM sleep occurs when a person returns to stage 2 or 1 of restful sleep. There is a greater amount of deep sleep (stage N3) at night, while the proportion of REM sleep increases in two cycles just before a natural awakening.
Awakening
Resurrection can mean the end of sleep, or just a moment to observe the environment and adjust the body position before falling asleep again. Sleepers usually wake up immediately after the end of the REM phase or sometimes in the middle of REM. Internal circadian indicators, along with a successful reduction of homeostatic sleep needs, usually lead to awakening and late sleep cycles. The awakening involves increased electrical activation in the brain, beginning with the thalamus and spreading throughout the cortex.
During the night's sleep, a small part is usually spent in a state of awake. As measured by electroencephalography, young women are awake for 0-1% of the larger sleep period; young men are awake for 0-2%. In adults, increased awareness increases, especially in the next cycle. One study found 3% of the time awake in the first ninety minutes sleep cycle, 8% in the second, 10% in the third, 12% in the fourth, and 13-14% in the fifth. Most of the time this wake occurs shortly after REM sleep.
Today, many people wake up with alarm clocks; However, some people can wake up at certain times without the need for an alarm. Many sleep quite differently on weekdays than on holidays, a pattern that can lead to chronic circadian desynchronization. Many people regularly see television and other screens before going to sleep, a factor that can worsen the circadian cycle disorder. Scientific studies of sleep have shown that the stage of sleep on waking is an important factor in strengthening sleep inertia.
Maps Sleep
Time
Sleep time is controlled by circadian clock (Process C), sleep-wake homeostasis (Process S), and to some extent by individual will.
Circadian clock
Sleep time is highly dependent on hormonal signals from the circadian clock, or Process C, a complex neurochemical system that uses signals from the environment of the organism to re-create an internal day-night rhythm. The C process fights homeostatic drives to sleep during the day (in diurnal animals) and adds them at night. The suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN), the brain area just above the optical chiasm, is currently considered the most important nexus for this process; However, secondary clock systems have been found throughout the body.
Organisms whose circadian clocks indicate regular rhythms corresponding to outside signals are said to be entrained ; an entrained rhythm persists even if the outer signal suddenly disappears. If an entrained human is isolated in a bunker with constant light or darkness, he will continue to experience increased rhythm and decreased body temperature and melatonin, in a period slightly over 24 hours. Scientists refer to such conditions as walking freely from circadian rhythms. Under natural conditions, the light signal regularly adjusts this period downwards, so that it fits in with the better 24 hours precisely from Earth day.
The clock gives a constant influence on the body, affecting the sinusoidal oscillations of body temperature between about 36.2 ° C and 37.2 ° C. The suprachiasmatic nucleus itself exhibits a striking oscillation activity, which intensifies during the subjective day (that is, the part of the corresponding rhythm by day, whether accurate or not) and dropped to almost nothing during the subjective night. The circadian pacemaker in the suprachiasmatic nucleus has a direct nerve connection to the pineal gland, which releases the hormone melatonin at night. Cortisol levels usually increase throughout the night, peak in the hours of awakening, and decrease throughout the day. Circulatory prolactin secretion begins in the afternoon, especially in women, and is then supplemented by sleep induced secretion, to the top in the middle of the night. Circadian rhythms give some effect to the secretion of growth hormone at night.
Circadian rhythms affect the ideal time for restorative sleep episodes. Drowsiness increases at night. REM sleep occurs more during minimum body temperature in the circadian cycle, whereas slow-wave sleep may occur more independently than circadian time.
Internal circadian clock is heavily influenced by the change of light, since this is the main clue of what time it is. Exposure to light in small amounts during the night can suppress melatonin secretion, and increase body temperature and wakefulness. Short pulses of light, at the right moment in the circadian cycle, can significantly 'reset' the internal clock. Blue light, in particular, gives the most powerful effect, causing concern that the use of electronic media before bed can disrupt sleep.
Modern humans often find themselves not synchronized from their internal circadian clocks, due to work requirements (especially night shifts), long-haul travel, and the effects of universal indoor lighting. Even if they have a sleep debt, or feel sleepy, people can have difficulty staying asleep at the peak of their circadian cycle. Instead they can have trouble getting up in the cycle trough. A healthy young adult into the sun will (for most of the year) fall asleep a few hours after sunset, experience a minimum body temperature at 6 am, and wake up a few hours after sunrise.
Process S
In general, the longer an organism is awake, the more it feels the need to sleep ("sleep debt"). This sleep driver is referred to as Process S . The balance between sleep and wake is governed by a process called homeostasis. Induced or considered sleep deprivation is generally called sleep deprivation.
The S process is driven by reduced glycogen and the accumulation of adenosine in the forebrain that eradicates the Ventrolateral preoptic nucleus, enabling inhibition of the reticular activation system to rise.
Lack of sleep tends to cause brainwaves more slowly in the frontal cortex, shortened attention span, higher anxiety, memory impairment, and an upset mood. In contrast, organisms that rest well enough tend to have better memory and mood. Neurophysiological and functional imaging studies have shown that the frontal regions of the brain are highly responsive to homeostatic sleep pressure.
There is disagreement about how much sleep debt can be accumulated, and whether sleep debt accumulates against the average person's sleep or some other benchmark. It is also unclear whether the prevalence of sleep debt among adults has changed much in the industrialized world in recent decades. Sleep debt does show some cumulative evidence. Subjectively, however, humans seem to achieve maximum drowsiness after 30 hours of waking. It is likely that in Western societies, children sleep less than they had before.
One of the neurochemical indicators of sleep debt is adenosine, a neurotransmitter that blocks many body processes associated with awake. The level of adenosine increases in the cortical and basal frontal brain during prolonged wake, and decreases during the sleep-recovery period, potentially acting as a homeostatic sleep regulator. Coffee and caffeine temporarily block adenosine effects, prolong sleep latency, and reduce total sleep time and quality.
Social timing
Humans are also influenced by aspects of social time, such as hours when others are awake, working hours are needed, time on the clock, etc. The time zone, the standard time used to unite the time for people in the same area, is concerned only with the rising and setting of the sun naturally. The estimated nature of the time zone can be shown with China, the country used to reach five time zones and now using only one (UTC 8).
Distribution
In polyphic sleep, the organism sleeps several times in a 24-hour cycle. Monophasic sleep occurs at once. In experimental conditions, humans tend to alternate more frequently between sleep and wakefulness (ie, show more polyphic sleep) if there is nothing better to do. Given the 14 hour period of darkness under experimental conditions, humans tend toward bimodal sleep, with two periods of sleep concentrated at the beginning and at the end of dark time. Bimodal sleep in humans was more common before the industrial revolution.
Different characteristic sleep patterns, such as the familiar "early bird" and "night owl", are called chronotypes . Genetics and sex have an influence on chronotype, but so do habits. Chronotypes also tend to change over a lifetime. Seven-year-olds are better off early than fifteen-year-olds. Chronotypes far beyond the normal range are called sleep disorders circadian rhythms.
siesta
Recent nap habits are associated with a 37% lower coronary mortality, perhaps due to reduced cardiovascular pressures mediated by daytime naps. A short nap in the middle of the day and light evening workouts are found to be effective for improving sleep, cognitive tasks, and mental health in the elderly.
Many people experience a decrease while vigilance in the afternoon, commonly known as "post-lunch sauce". While a large meal can make a person feel sleepy, post-lunch dip is largely an effect of the circadian clock. People naturally feel most drowsy at twice a day about 12 hours apart - for example, at 2:00 am and 2:00 pm. On that twice, the body clock "kicks in." Around 2 pm (2PM), it ruled out the homeostatic falling asleep from sleep, allowing a few more hours of awake. Around 2 am (2:00 am), with daily sleep debt pays off, it "kicked" again to ensure a few more hours of sleep.
Genetics
It is hypothesized that a large number of sleep-related behaviors, such as when and how long a person needs sleep, are governed by genetics. Researchers have found some evidence that seems to support this assumption. Monozygotic (identical) twins but not dizygotic (fraternities) tend to have the same sleeping habits. Neurotransmitters, molecules whose production can be traced to a particular gene, are a genetic influence on sleep that can be analyzed. And the circadian clock has its own set of genes. Genes that can affect sleep include ABCC9, DEC2, and close variants of PAX 8 and VRK2.
Quality
Sleep quality can be evaluated from an objective and subjective viewpoint. The quality of objective sleep refers to how difficult a person sleeps and remains in a state of sleep, and how many times they wake up for one night. Poor sleep quality disrupts the transition cycle between different stages of sleep. Subjective sleep quality in turn refers to a feeling of rest and regeneration after awakening from sleep. A study by A. Harvey et al. (2002) found that insomniacs were more demanding in the evaluation of their sleep quality than individuals who did not have sleep problems.
The tendency to sleep homeostasis (the need for sleep as a function of the amount of time elapsed since the last sufficient sleep episode) should be balanced with circadian elements for a satisfactory sleep. Along with the corresponding message of the circadian clock, it tells the body it needs to sleep. Someone who regularly wakes up in the early hours will generally not be able to sleep more slowly than normal waking time, even if lack of sleep. The timing is correct when the following two circadian markers occur after the middle of the sleep episode and before awakening: the maximum concentration of the hormone melatonin, and the minimum core body temperature.
Ideal duration
Human sleep needs vary by age and between individuals, and sleep is considered sufficient when there is no sleepiness or daytime dysfunction. In addition, the duration of self-reported sleep only moderately correlates with actual sleep time as measured by actigraphy, and those affected with sleep status misperceptions usually report sleeping only four hours despite having slept eight full hours.
Researchers have found that sleeping 6-7 hours each night correlates with longevity and heart health in humans, although many underlying factors may be involved in the causality behind this relationship.
Further sleep difficulties are associated with psychiatric disorders such as depression, alcoholism, and bipolar disorder. Up to 90% of adults with depression are found to have trouble sleeping. Dysregulation detected by EEG includes impairment in sleep sustainability, decreased delta sleep and alter REM patterns related to latency, night distribution and eye movement density.
Children
By the time the baby reaches the age of two, their brain size has reached 90 percent of adult brain size; the majority of these brain growths have occurred during the period of life with the highest levels of sleep. The hours children spend on sleep affect their ability to perform cognitive tasks. Children who sleep through the night and have some night waking episodes have higher cognitive achievement and temperament more easily than other children.
Sleep also affects language development. To test this, the researchers taught babies of false language and observed their memories of rules for the language. Babies who sleep within four hours of learning a language can remember the language rules better, while babies who stay awake longer do not remember the rules as well. There is also a relationship between baby vocabulary and sleep: babies who sleep longer at night at 12 months of age have a better vocabulary at 26 months.
Recommendations
Children need many hours of sleep per day to develop and function properly: up to 18 hours for newborns, with declining rates as children age. Beginning in 2015, after a two-year study, the National Sleep Foundation in the US announced a newly revised recommendation as shown in the table below.
Sleep function
Recovery
The human organism physically recovers itself during sleep, heals itself and disposes metabolic wastes that accumulate during periods of activity. This restoration occurs mostly during slow wave sleep, where body temperature, heart rate, and brain oxygen consumption decreases. The brain, in particular, requires sleep for recovery, while in the whole body this process can occur during a quiet wake. In both cases, decreased metabolic rate allows the opposite restoration process.
When awake, metabolism produces reactive oxygen species, which damage cells. In sleep, the metabolic rate decreases and the generation of reactive oxygen species decreases allowing the restoration process to take over. The sleeping brain has been shown to eliminate metabolic waste products at a faster rate than when awake. It is further suggested that sleep helps facilitate the synthesis of molecules that help repair and protect the brain from harmful elements produced during waking. Anabolic hormones such as growth hormone are secreted exclusively during sleep. Sleep has also theorized to effectively combat the accumulation of free radicals in the brain, by increasing the efficiency of endogenous antioxidant mechanisms. Glycogen concentration of sugar compounds in the brain increases during sleep, and runs through metabolism during awake.
Wound healing has been shown to be affected by sleep.
It has been shown that lack of sleep affects the immune system. It is now possible to suggest that "sleep loss impairs immune function and immune challenges alter sleep," and it has been suggested that sleep increases the number of white blood cells. A 2014 study found that lifting sleeping mice increased cancer growth and reduced the ability of the immune system to control cancer.
The effect of sleep duration on somatic growth is not fully known. One study recorded growth, height, and weight, which correlated with time reported by parents in bed in 305 children over a period of nine years (age 1-10). It was found that "sleep duration variation among children does not seem to have any effect on growth." It's been proven that slow-wave sleep affects growth hormone levels in adult men. During eight hours of sleep, Van Cauter, Leproult, and Plat found that men with a high percentage of SWS (mean 24%) also had high growth hormone secretion, while subjects with low percentage of SWS (mean 9%) had hormone secretion growth.
Memory processing
Sleep enhances memory, with the benefits of procedural memory from late, REM-rich sleep, and explicit memory benefits from early, slow sluggish sleep waves.
Dreaming
During sleep, especially REM sleep, people tend to have dreams: an elusive first person experience, which, despite its often strange qualities, seems realistic in the process. Dreams can easily incorporate elements in the mind of a person who would not normally walk together. They can include visible sensations of all types, especially vision and movement.
People have proposed many hypotheses about the functions of dreaming. Sigmund Freud postulates that dreams are a symbolic expression of frustrated desires that have been degraded to the unconscious mind, and he uses dream interpretations in the form of psychoanalysis in an attempt to uncover these desires.
On a continuum, penile erection during sleep is not more frequent during sexual dreams than at other dreams. The parasympathetic nervous system experiences increased activity during REM sleep which can cause erect penis or clitoris. In men, 80% to 95% of REM sleep is usually accompanied by partial erection of the penis, while only about 12% of male dreams contain sexual content.
John Allan Hobson and Robert McCarley propose that dreams are caused by the random dismissal of neurons in the cerebral cortex during the REM period. Neatly, this theory helps explain the irrationality of the mind during the REM period, because, according to this theory, the forebrain then creates the story in an attempt to reconcile and understand the senseless sensory information presented to it. This will explain the strange nature of many dreams.
Using antidepressants, acetaminophen, ibuprofen, or alcoholic beverages is considered potentially suppressing the dream, whereas melatonin may have the ability to induce them.
Disorders
Insomnia
Insomnia is a common term for sleeplessness and/or staying asleep. Insomnia is the most common sleep problem, with many adults reporting occasional insomnia, and 10-15% reporting chronic conditions. Insomnia can have many different causes, including psychological stress, poor sleeping conditions, inconsistent sleep schedules, or excessive mental or physical stimulation in the hours before bed. Insomnia is often treated through behavioral changes such as maintaining a regular sleep schedule, avoiding stimulating activities or stress before bed, and reducing stimulants such as caffeine. The sleeping environment can be improved by installing heavy curtains to turn off all sunlight, and keeping computers, televisions and work materials out of the sleeping area.
A 2010 review of published scientific research shows that exercise generally improves sleep for most people, and helps with sleep disorders like insomnia. The optimal time for exercise may be 4 to 8 hours before bedtime, although exercise at any time is beneficial, with the exception of strenuous exercise done just before bedtime, which can interfere with sleep. However, there is insufficient evidence to draw a detailed conclusion about the relationship between exercise and sleep. Sleeping pills like Ambien and Lunesta are an increasingly popular treatment for insomnia. Although nonbenzodiazepine drugs are generally believed to be better and safer than previous generations of tranquilizers, they still generate some controversy and discussion about side effects. White noise seems to be a promising treatment for insomnia.
Obstructive sleep apnea
Obstructive sleep apnea is a condition in which the major respiratory pause occurs during sleep, interrupts normal sleep development and often leads to more severe health problems. Apnea occurs when the muscles around the patient's airway relax during sleep, causing the airway to collapse and blocking the intake of oxygen. Obstructive sleep apnea is more common than sleep apnea. When the oxygen levels in the blood go down, the patient then comes out of a deep sleep to continue breathing. When some of these episodes occur hourly, sleep apnea rises to a level of seriousness that may require treatment.
Diagnosing sleep apnea usually requires a professional sleep study conducted in a sleep clinic, because the episodes are awakened caused by very short disturbances and patients usually do not remember experiencing it. Conversely, many patients feel tired after a few hours sleep and do not know why. The main risk factors for sleep apnea include chronic fatigue, old age, obesity and snoring.
Other distractions
Sleep disturbances include narcolepsy, periodic limb movement disorders (PLMD), restless leg syndrome (RLS), upper respiratory distress syndrome (UARS), and sleep disorders circadian rhythms. Fatal familial insomnia, or FFI, a very rare genetic disease without known treatment or cure, is characterized by an increase in insomnia as one of its symptoms; in the end people with the disease stop fully sleep, before dying of the disease.
Somnambulism, known as sleepwalking, is also a common sleep disorder, especially among children. When someone wakes up from his sleep and wanders around while sleeping.
Older people may be more easily awakened by distractions in the environment and may to some extent lose the ability to consolidate sleep.
Drugs and diet
Drugs that cause sleep, known as hypnotics, include benzodiazepines, although this interferes with REM; Nonbenzodiazepine hypnotics such as eszopiclone (Lunesta), zaleplon (Sonata), and zolpidem (Ambien); Antihistamines, such as diphenhydramine (Benadryl) and doxylamine; Alcohol (ethanol), despite the effects of nighttime rebounds and interference with REM; barbiturates, which have the same problem; melatonin, a component of the circadian clock, and is released naturally at night by the pineal gland; and marijuana, which can also disrupt REM.
Stimulants, which inhibit sleep, include caffeine, adenosine antagonists; amphetamine, MDMA, fourhogen-entactogens, and related drugs; cocaine, which can alter circadian rhythms, and methylphenidate, which act similarly; and other analeptic drugs such as modafinil and armodafinil with a poorly understood mechanism.
The choice of food and nutrition can affect sleep duration and quality. One 2016 review shows that a high carbohydrate diet promotes a shorter onset of sleep and longer sleep duration than a high-fat diet. The 2012 investigation showed that micronutrients and mixed macronutrients are needed to improve sleep quality. A varied diet containing fresh fruits and vegetables, low-saturated fat, and whole grains may be optimal for individuals who want to improve sleep quality. High-quality clinical trials on long-term dietary practices are needed to better define the effect of diet on sleep quality.
In culture
Anthropology
Research shows that sleep patterns vary significantly across cultures. The most striking difference is between people who have many sources of artificial light and which are not. The main difference seems to be that pre-light culture has more damaged sleep patterns. For example, people without artificial light may go to bed long after sunset, but then wake up several times throughout the night, emphasizing their sleep by waking period, perhaps lasting several hours.
The boundary between sleep and wake is unclear in this society. Some observers believe that nighttime sleep in this society is most often split into two main periods, the first characterized mainly by deep sleep and a second by REM sleep.
Some communities show a fragmented sleep pattern in which people sleep every moment of the day and night for a shorter time. In many nomadic societies or hunter-gatherers, people will sleep and die all day or night depending on what is happening. Abundant artificial light has been available in the Western industry since at least the mid-19th century, and sleep patterns have changed significantly everywhere that lighting has been introduced. In general, people sleep in thicker bursts during the night, going to sleep longer, although this is not always the case.
Historian A. Roger Ekirch thinks that the traditional pattern of "segmented sleep", as it is called, began to disappear among the urban upper classes in Europe at the end of the 17th century and the change spread over the next 200 years; in the 1920s "the notion of first and second sleep has subsided completely from our social consciousness." Ekirch attributes the change to an increase in "street lighting, household lighting and surges in coffee houses," which slowly make the night a legitimate time to move, reducing the time available for rest. Today in most people people are sleeping at night, but in very hot climates they may sleep during the day. During Ramadan, many Muslims sleep during the day rather than at night.
In some societies, people sleep with at least one other person (sometimes many) or with animals. In other cultures, people rarely sleep with anyone except for an intimate partner. In almost all societies, sleep partners are highly regulated by social standards. For example, one may only sleep with the nearest family, extended family, spouse or romantic partner, children, children of a certain age, children of a certain gender, peers of a particular gender, friends, peers the same social level, or without anyone else. Sleep may be an active social time, depending on sleep grouping, without any noise or activity constraints.
People sleep in various locations. Some sleep directly on the ground; the other on the skin or blanket; others sleep on platforms or beds. Some sleep with blankets, some with pillows, some with a simple headrest, some without head support. This choice is shaped by a variety of factors, such as climate, protection from predators, house types, technology, personal preferences, and pest events.
In mythology and literature
Sleep has been seen in a culture similar to death since antiquity; in Greek mythology, Hypnos (sleeping god) and Thanatos (god of death) are both said to be the sons of Nyx (the goddess of the night). John Donne, Samuel Taylor Coleridge, Percy Bysshe Shelley, and other poets have written poems about the relationship between sleep and death. Shelley describes them as "the two are so passing, weird, and incredible!" Many people consider dying in someone's sleep the most peaceful way to die. Expressions such as "deep sleep" and "rest in peace" are often used in reference to death, perhaps in an attempt to reduce its finality. Sleep is sometimes seen as a visionary experience. In medieval Irish tradition, to become a filÃÆ', a poet is required to undergo a ritual called the forosnai impact , in which he will enter a mantic sleep, like a trance.
Many cultural stories have been told about people sleeping for a long time. The earliest of these stories is the ancient Greek legend of Epimenides of Knossos. According to the biographer Diogenes LaÃÆ'®tius, Epimenides is a shepherd on the island of Crete, Greece. One day, one of his sheep is lost and he goes out to look for him, but becomes tired and sleeps in a cave under Mount Ida. When she woke up, she kept looking for the sheep, but could not find her, so she went back to her old farm, only to find out that it was now under new ownership. He went to his hometown, but found that no one there knew him. Finally, he meets his younger brother, who is now old, and knows that he has been asleep in the cave for fifty-seven years.
A much more famous example of today's "long sleep" is the Christian legend of the Seven Sleepers of Ephesus, where seven Christians fled to a cave during the pagan period to escape persecution, but fell asleep and woke up 360 years later to find, with their astonishment , that the Roman Empire is now predominantly Christian. The short story of American author Irving "Rip Van Winkle", was first published in 1819 in his short story Skip Book Geoffrey Crayon, Gent. , about a man in colonial America called Rip Van Winkle who slept in one of the Catskill Mountains and woke up twenty years later after the American Revolution. This story is now regarded as one of the greatest classic American literary works.
In art
Writing about the thematic representations of sleep in art, doctors and sleep researchers Meir Kryger notes: "[Artist] has a strong appeal with mythology, dreams, religious themes, parallel between sleep and death, gifts, ignorance of conscious control, healing, and calm, and erotic. "
See also
Position, practice and ritual
References
Source
- Brown Ritchie E.; Basheer Radhika; McKenna James T.; Strecker Robert E.; McCarley Robert W. (2012). "Sleep and Wakefulness Control". Physiological Reviews . 92 (3): 1087-1187. doi: 10.1152/physrev.00032.2011. PMCÃ, 3621793 . PMID 22811426.
- Parmeggiani, Pier Luigi & amp; Ricardo A. Velluti, eds. (2005). Physiological Properties of Sleep . London: Imperial College Press. ISBNÃ, 1-86094-557-0.
- Parmeggiani, Pier Luigi (2011). Systemic Homeopathy and Poikilostasis in Sleep: Does REM Anticipate Physiological Paradox? London: Imperial College Press. ISBN 978-1-94916-572-2
- Turek, Fred W. & amp; Phyllis C. Zee, eds. (1999). Sleep Rules and Circadian Rhythms. New York: Marcel Dekker, Inc. ISBNÃ, 0-8247-0231-X
External links
- Rethinking, David K. Randall, New York Times, September 2012
- How to Sleep, James Hamblin, Atlantic, January 2017
Source of the article : Wikipedia
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