Sustainable transport

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Sustainable transport refers to the broad subject of sustainable transportation in terms of social, environmental and climate impacts, and the ability to, within the global scope, supply unlimited energy sources. Components for evaluating sustainability include special vehicles used for road, water or air transport; energy sources; and the infrastructure used to accommodate transportation (roads, railways, airways, waterways, canals and terminals). Other components for evaluation are pipelines for transporting liquids or gases. Transportation and logistics operations as well as transit-oriented development are also involved in the evaluation. Transport sustainability is largely measured by the effectiveness and efficiency of the transport system as well as the environmental and climate impacts of the system.

Short-term activities often promote a gradual increase in fuel efficiency and vehicle emissions control while long-term goals include moving transportation from fossil-based energy to other alternatives such as renewable energy and other renewable resource usage. The entire life cycle of the transport system is subject to the measurement and optimization of sustainability.

Sustainable transportation systems contribute positively to the environmental, social and economic sustainability of the communities they serve. The transport system exists to provide social and economic connections, and people quickly take advantage of the opportunities offered by increased mobility, with poor households greatly benefiting from low-carbon transport options. The advantages of increased mobility need to be weighed against the environmental, social and economic costs imposed by the transport system.

The transport system has a significant impact on the environment, accounting for between 20% and 25% of world energy consumption and carbon dioxide emissions. Most emissions, almost 97%, come from direct burning of fossil fuels. Greenhouse gas emissions from transportation are increasing at a faster rate than other energy usage sectors. Land transportation is also a major contributor to local air pollution and haze.

The United Nations Environment Program (UNEP) estimates that every year, 2.4 million premature deaths from outdoor air pollution can be avoided. Particularly hazardous to health is the emission of carbon black, a particle component, known to be the cause of respiratory and carcinogenic diseases and a significant contributor to global climate change. The relationship between greenhouse gas emissions and particles makes low carbon transport an increasingly sustainable investment at the local level - both by reducing emission levels and thereby reducing climate change; and by improving public health through better air quality.

The social costs of transportation include road accidents, air pollution, physical activity, time taken from families at commuting and susceptibility to rising fuel prices. Much of this negative impact falls disproportionately on social groups that also have least and drive cars. Traffic congestion imposes economic costs by wasting people's time and by slowing down the delivery of goods and services.

Traditional transport planning aims to improve mobility, especially for vehicles, and may fail to consider wider impacts adequately. But the real purpose of transportation is access - to work, education, goods and services, friends and family - and there are proven techniques for improving access while simultaneously reducing environmental and social impacts, and managing traffic congestion. Communities that succeed in improving the sustainability of their transport network do so as part of a broader program to create a more livable, livable, and sustainable city.

Video Sustainable transport

Definisi

The term sustainable transport is being used as a logical follow up of sustainable development, and is used to describe modes of transportation, and transportation planning systems, which are consistent with wider sustainability concerns. There are many definitions of sustainable transport, and related terms sustainable transport and continuous mobility . One such definition, of the Council of Ministers of the EU Transportation, defines a sustainable transport system as one that:

• Enable basic access and development needs of individuals, enterprises and communities to meet safely and in a manner consistent with human health and ecosystems, and promote equity within and among future generations.
• Reasonably priced, operating fairly and efficiently, offering a choice of modes of transportation, and supporting a competitive economy, as well as balanced regional development.
• Restrict emissions and waste in the planet's ability to absorb them, use renewable resources at or below its generation rate, and use non-renewable resources at or below the renewable replacement development level, while minimizing impacts on land use and noise generation.

Sustainability goes beyond just operational efficiency and emissions. Life-cycle assessment involves consideration of production, use, and post-use. The cradle-to-cradle design is more important than focusing on single factors like energy efficiency.

Maps Sustainable transport

History

Most sustainable transport tools and concepts are developed before they are created. Walking, the first mode of transportation, is also the most sustainable. Public transport back at least as far as the discovery of a public bus by Blaise Pascal in 1662. The first passenger tram began operating in 1807 and the first passenger train service in 1825. The bicycle pedal originated in the 1860s. This is the only private transportation option available to most people in Western countries before World War II, and remains the only option for most people in the developing world. Transport is driven by human strength, animal force or train.

The post-war years bring increased wealth and demand for much greater mobility for people and goods. The number of road vehicles in Britain increased fivefold between 1950 and 1979, with similar trends in other Western countries. Most affluent countries and cities are investing in bigger and better-designed roads and motorcycles, which are considered important to support growth and prosperity. Transport planning becomes a branch of Urban Planning and identifies demand induced as an important change from "predicting and delivering" toward a sustainable approach that incorporates land use planning and public transport. Public investment in travel, walking and cycling has declined dramatically in the United States, Britain and Australia, although this does not happen at the same level in Canada or on the European mainland.

Concerns about the sustainability of this approach became widespread during the 1973 oil crisis and the 1979 energy crisis. The high cost and limited availability of fuel led to a re-emergence of an interest in alternatives for single occupancy vehicle travel.

Transport innovations originating from this period include high-occupancy vehicle tracks, city-wide carpool systems and transportation demand management. Singapore imposed congestion prices in the late 1970s, and Curitiba began implementing the Bus Rapid Transit system in the early 1980s.

The relatively low and stable oil prices during the 1980s and 1990s led to a significant increase in vehicle travel from 1980-2000, either directly because people chose to travel by car more often and for longer distances, and not directly because cities develop suburban housing channels, away from shops and from workplaces, now called urban sprawls. Trends in logistics delivery, including the movement of trains and coastal shipping to road freight and requirements for timely delivery, mean that goods traffic is growing faster than public vehicle traffic.

At the same time, the academic foundations of a "predict and give" approach to transportation are questioned, especially by Peter Newman in a set of city comparison studies and their transport systems dating from the mid-1980s.

The UK Government's White Paper on Transport marks a change of direction for transport planning in the UK. In the introduction of the White Paper, Prime Minister Tony Blair declared it

We realize that we can not easily build our way out of our problems. It will become environmentally irresponsible - and will not work.

A companion document for the White Book called "Intelligent Choices" examines the potential for improving small and scattered sustainable transport initiatives then occurs across the UK, and concludes that a comprehensive application of this technique can reduce automobile travel during busy times in urban areas with more than 20 %.

Similar research by the Federal Road Administration of the United States, also released in 2004 and also concluded that a more proactive approach to transport demand is an important component of the overall national transport strategy.

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Environmental impact

The transport system is a major producer of greenhouse gases, responsible for 23% of the world's energy-related GHG emissions in 2004, with about three-quarters of which coming from road vehicles. Currently 95% of transportation energy comes from petroleum. Energy is consumed in the manufacture and use of vehicles, and is manifested in transport infrastructure including roads, bridges and railroads.

The first historical attempt to evaluate the environmental impact of the Life Cycle of a vehicle is because of Theodore Von Karman. After decades where all of the analyzes have focused on emending models Von Karman, Dewulf and Van Langenhove have introduced models based on both the laws of thermodynamics and analysis of exergies. Chester and Orwath, have developed a similar model under the first law that takes into account the costs required for infrastructure.

The environmental impacts of transport can be reduced by reducing vehicle weight, sustainable driving style, reducing tire friction, encouraging electric and hybrid vehicles, improving walking and cycling environments in cities, and by enhancing the role of public transport, especially electric rail.

Green vehicles are meant to have less environmental impact than an equivalent standard vehicle, although when the environmental impact of a vehicle is assessed during its entire life cycle this may not be the case. The technology of electric vehicles has the potential to reduce CO ₂ emissions, depending on the vehicle's energy and power source being realized. The main source of electricity currently used in most countries (coal, gas, oil) means that until world electricity production changes substantially, private electric cars will produce the same or higher CO2 production than gasoline equivalents. The Electric Vehicle Online (OLEV), developed by the Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), is an electric vehicle that can be charged while stationary or driving, thus eliminating the need to stop at a charging station. Gumi City in South Korea re-operates 24 km along a bus that will receive 100 watts (136 horsepower) of electricity at a maximum transmission efficiency rate of 85% while maintaining a 17 cm air gap between the bottom of the vehicle and the surface road. At that power, only some parts of the road need an embedded cable. Hybrid vehicles, which use internal combustion engines that are combined with an electric engine to achieve better fuel efficiency than ordinary combustion engines, are common. Natural gas is also used as a transportation fuel. Biofuels are less common, and less promising; Brazil fulfilled 17% of transportation fuel needs from bioethanol in 2007, but the OECD has warned that the success of biofuel in Brazil is due to certain local circumstances; internationally, biofuels are thought to have little or no impact on greenhouse emissions, at a much higher cost than energy efficiency measures.

In practice there is a green transport green shear scale depending on the sustainability of the option. Green vehicles are more fuel-efficient, but only compared to standard vehicles, and they still contribute to traffic congestion and road accidents. Public transport networks are pegged well based on traditional diesel buses using less fuel per passenger than private vehicles, and are generally safer and use less road space than private vehicles. Green public transport vehicles including electric trains, trams and electric buses combine green vehicle benefits with sustainable transportation options. Other transportation options with very low environmental impact are cycling and other human powered vehicles, and animal powered transportation. The most common green transport option, with the least environmental impact is running.

Transport on rails has excellent efficiency (see fuel efficiency in transport).

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Transport and social sustainability

Cities with excessively built highways have suffered undesirable consequences, linked to radical drops in public transport, on foot, and on cycling. In many cases, the streets become empty of "life". Stores, schools, government centers and libraries moved from central cities, and residents who did not evacuate to the suburbs experienced a decline in the quality of public spaces and public services. As schools closed, the replacement of their mega-schools in remote areas resulted in additional traffic; the number of cars on the US road between 7:15 and 8:15 in the morning increased 30% during the school year.

But other effects are lifestyle lifestyle increases, causing and complicating the national obesity epidemic, and accompanying dramatically increased health care costs.

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City

Cities are shaped by their transportation system. In The City in History, Lewis Mumford documents how city locations and layouts are formed around walkable centers, often located near harbors or waterways, and with suburbs accessible by animal transport or, later, by rail or tram lines.

In 1939, the New York World Exhibition included an imagined city model, built around a car-based transportation system. In this "bigger and better future" world, residential, commercial and industrial areas are separated, and skyscrapers overshadow the urban highway network. These ideas capture popular imagination, and are credited with influencing urban planning from the 1940s to the 1970s.

The popularity of cars in the post-war era led to major changes in the structure and function of the city. There were several contradictions to this change at the time. Jane Jacobs's writings, especially The Death and Life of the Great American Cities, provide a painful reminder of what is missing in this transformation, and a record of community efforts to resist this change. Lewis Mumford asked "is it a city for cars or for people?" Donald Appleyard documented the consequences for the community increasing car traffic in "The View from the Road" (1964) and in the UK, Mayer Hillman first published research on the impact of traffic on child independent mobility in 1971. Although this note is reminiscent of the deep trend car ownership, car use and fuel consumption continued to rise sharply during the post-war period.

Major transport planning in Europe, by contrast, is never based on the assumption that private cars are the best or only solution for urban mobility. For example, the Dutch Transportation Structure Scheme since the 1970s requires that demand for additional vehicle capacity is met only "if the contribution to public welfare is positive", and since 1990 has included explicit targets to halve the growth rate of vehicle traffic. Several cities outside Europe also consistently link transportation with sustainability and land-use planning, notably Curitiba, Brazil, Portland, Oregon and Vancouver, Canada.

There is a big difference in urban transport energy consumption; US urban dwellers on average use 24 times more energy each year for personal transportation than Chinese urban dwellers, and almost four times more than the urban population of Europe. These differences can not be explained by wealth alone but are closely related to the level of walking, cycling, and use of public transport and for maintaining the features of the city including urban density and urban design.

The cities and countries that invest heavily in today's most environmentally-friendly car-based transportation systems, as measured by the use of per-cap fossil fuels. The social and economic sustainability of car-based transportation techniques has also been questioned. In the United States, large urban dwellers make car trips more frequent and longer, while residents of the traditional urban environment make the same number of trips, but travel shorter distances and walks, cycling and using transits more often. It's been calculated that New Yorkers save $ 19 billion annually by having fewer cars and less driving than the average American. Less intensive urban transport facilities are carharing, which became popular in North America and Europe, and according to The Economist, car sharing can reduce car ownership at an estimated rate of one rental car that replaces 15 vehicles owned. Automobile sharing has also begun in developing countries, where urban traffic and density is often worse than in developed countries. Companies such as Zoom in India, eHi in China, and Carrot in Mexico, bring automobile shares to developing countries in an effort to reduce car-related pollution, improve traffic, and expand the number of people who have access to cars.

The European Commission adopted an Action Plan on urban mobility in 2009-09-30 for sustainable urban mobility. The EC will review the implementation of the Action Plan in 2012, and will assess the need for further action. In 2007, 72% of the European population lived in urban areas, which is the key to growth and employment. Cities need an efficient transportation system to support the economy and welfare of its inhabitants. About 85% of EU GDP is generated in cities. The urban areas now face the challenge of making sustainable transport in the environment (CO ₂ , air pollution, noise) and competitiveness (congestion) while at the same time addressing social issues. These range from the need to address health issues and demographic trends, encouraging economic and social cohesion to consider the needs of people with reduced mobility, families and children.

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Policies and governance

The sustainable transport policy has the greatest impact on the city level. Outside of Western Europe, cities consistently incorporated sustainability as key considerations in transportation and land use planning including Curitiba, Brazil; Bogota Colombia; Portland, Oregon; and Vancouver, Canada. The State of Victoria, Australia passed the law in 2010 - the Transportation Integration Act - to force its transport agencies to actively consider sustainability issues including climate change impacts in transportation, planning and operating policies.

Many other cities around the world have recognized the need to link sustainability and transport policies, for example by joining the City for Climate Protection.

Community and grassroots actions

Sustainable transport is essentially a grassroots movement, although it is now recognized as a national, national and international significance.

Though it started as a movement driven by environmental issues, during the last years there has been an increased emphasis on social justice and justice issues, and in particular the need to ensure access and appropriate services to low-income groups and people with limited mobility, including the rapidly growing population of the elderly. Many people who are exposed to vehicle noise, pollution, and safety risks at the most are those who do not have, or can not drive, and those who bear the cost of car ownership lead to heavy financial burdens.

An organization called Greenxc which started in 2011 created a national awareness campaign in the United States that encourages people to carpool by cross-country passage that stops at various destinations along the way and documents their journey through video footage, posts and photography. Ride-sharing reduces individual carbon footprint by allowing multiple people to use one car rather than each person using an individual car.

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Recent trends

Automobile travel increased steadily throughout the twentieth century, but trends since 2000 are more complex. Oil prices up from 2003 have been linked to a decrease in per capita fuel use for private vehicle travel in the US, UK and Australia. In 2008, global oil consumption fell 0.8% overall, with significant declines in consumption in North America, Western Europe and parts of Asia. Other factors affecting the decline in driving, at least in America, include the retirement of Baby Boomers who are now driving fewer, preferences for other travel modes (such as transit) by younger age groups, Great Recession, and increasing use of technology (internet , mobile devices) that make travel less important and less attractive.

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Greenwashing

The term is often used as a greenwash marketing technique for products that are not proven to contribute positively to environmental sustainability. Such claims can be legally challenged. For example Norwegian consumer ombudsmen have targeted cars that claim that their cars are "green", "clean" or "environmentally friendly". Manufacturers risk being fined if they fail to drop the words. The Australian Competition and Consumer Commission (ACCC) describe the green claims on products because is very unclear , invites consumers to give meaning to claims, who risk misleading them . In 2008 the ACCC forced car retailers to stop marketing of the Saab's green , found by the Australian Federal Court as misleading .

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Destination

The Directorate General of Transport and Energy of the European Union (DG-TREN) has launched a program that focuses mostly on Urban Transport. The main size is:

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See also

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Notes and references

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Bibliography

• Sustainability and the City: Overcoming Car Dependency , Island Press, Washington DC, 1999. Newman P and Kenworthy J, ISBNÃ, 1-55963-660-2.
• Sustainable Transport Network , Edward Elgar Publishing, Cheltenham, England, 2000. Nagurney A, ISBNÃ, 1-84064-357-9
• Introduction to Sustainable Transport: Policy, Planning and Implementation , Earthscan, London, Washington DC, 2010. Schiller P Eric C. Bruun and Jeffrey R. Kenworthy, ISBN 978-1-84407-665 - 9.
• Sustainable Transportation, Mobility Management and Travel Plans , Ashgate Press, Farnham, Surrey, 2012, Enoch M P. ISBN 978-0-7546-7939-4.

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External links

• Sustainable Mobility Initiative (National Renewable Energy Laboratory)
• The National Renewable Energy Laboratory
• Efficient Mobility Summit: Transportation and the Future of Dynamic Mobility Systems, January 2016 (National Renewable Energy Laboratory)
• Share & amp; borrow bikes worldwide, for free
• High Global Shift Scenario: Impacts And Potentials For More Public Transport, Walking And Cycling With Lower Car Use, Institute of Transportation and Development Policy, September 2014
• INHERIT Project, Project Horizon 2020 to identify lifestyles, moves and consumptions that protect the environment and promote health and wellness equality.
• Guiding Principles for Sustainable Mobility
• Sustainable Urban Transport Project - knowledge platform (SUTP)
• Capacity Building for Sustainable Urban Transport - an open platform for training and e-learning offerings (hosted by SUTP)
• The German Partnership for Sustainable Mobility (GPSM)
• Institute of Transportation and Development Policy (ITDP)
• EMBARQ - WRI Center for Sustainable Transport
• Institute of Sustainability Policy and Technology
• Bridging the Gap: Line for transportation in post 2012 process
• Sustainable-mobility.org: resource center for sustainable transport
• QUEST Project: Quality Management Tool for Sustainable Transportation Efficient Urban Energy
• EcoMobility Alliance: An ICLEI - Local Government for Sustainability Initiatives in Transport
• Sustainable Transportation in the Middle East via Carboun
• Ecoliner Fairwinds, the proposed large sailing container vessel
• The Greenheart, the proposed small sail container vessel
• Transport Action Plan: Urban Electricity Mobility Initiative, United Nations, Climate Summit 2014, September 2014
• Turn right corner: ensure development through the low-carbon transport sector, World Bank Group, May 2013.
• Is this the future? A more sustainable city delivery system
• Increase the sustainability of the delivery fleet
• Transportation Research in IssueLab

Source of the article : Wikipedia