playground , playground , or play area is a specially designed place to allow children to play there. Usually outdoors. While the playground is usually designed for children, some other age group targets. PreuÃÆ'Ÿenpark Berlin for example is designed for people aged 70 or higher. Playgrounds may exclude children under a certain age.
Modern playgrounds often have recreational equipment such as a seesaw, swivel comedy, swingset, slide, jungle gym, chin bar, sandbox, spring rider, trapeze rings, playhouses and labyrinths, many of which help children develop physical coordination, strength , and flexibility, as well as providing recreation and fun and supporting social and emotional development. Common in modern playgrounds is a play structure that connects many different pieces of equipment.
Playgrounds often also have facilities to play informal games of adult sports, such as baseball diamonds, skating rinks, basketball courts, or tether balls.
Common play equipment refers to equipment intended for use in park play areas, schools, childcare facilities, institutions, family dwellings, restaurants, resorts, and recreational developments, and other areas of public use.
In some parts of the United States, the term tot lot can be used.
This type of playground called playscape is designed to provide a safe environment to play in the natural environment.
Video Playground
History
Through history, children play in their villages and neighborhoods, especially in the streets and lanes near their homes.
In the 19th century, developmental psychologists such as Friedrich FrÃÆ'¶bel proposed playgrounds as developmental aid, or to inspire children with a sense of fair play and courtesy. In Germany, some playgrounds were established for schools, and the first public access playground was built in a park in Manchester, England in 1859.
However, only at the beginning of the 20th century, when the roads lost their role as a standard public space and became the property for use by cars, momentum was built to eliminate children from new dangers and restrict them to separate areas to play. In the United States, organizations such as the National Highway Protective Society highlights the figures killed by cars, and urged the creation of a playground, aimed at freeing roads for vehicles rather than playing children. The Outdoor Recreation League provides funding to set up a playground in the park, especially after the 1901 publication of a report on the number of children being hit by a car in New York City.
Along with new concerns about road hazards, theories of play education, including by Herbert Spencer and John Dewey, inspired the emergence of the reformist park movement, which argues that playgrounds have educational value, increased attention in the classroom, improved physical health, and reduced truancy. Intervention programs such as child savers seek to move children into controlled areas to limit 'misbehavior'. Meanwhile, in schools and residential homes for poor children with limited access to education, health care and daycare, playgrounds are included to support the goals of these institutions to keep children safe and out of trouble.
One of the first playgrounds in the United States was built at Golden Gate Park in San Francisco in 1887. In 1906 the Association of American Playgrounds was established and a year later Luther Gulick became president. It later became the National Recreation Association and then the National Recreation and Park Association. Urgent need to play, former President Theodore Roosevelt stated in 1907:
- The city streets are an unsatisfactory playground for children because of danger, because most good games violate the law, because they overheat in summer, and because in crowded parts of the city they tend to be crime schools. Nor do small yards or ornamental patches meet the needs of very young children. Older children who will play hard should have a place specially set aside for them; and, since play is a basic need, a playground should be provided for every child just like school. This means that they have to be distributed to cities in such a way that it is within walking distance of every boy and girl, as most children can not afford the car ticket.
In post-London wars, landscape architects and children's rights campaign Lady Allen from Hurtwood introduced and popularized the concept of 'playground trash' - where the equipment is built from the remnants and debris left over from Blitz. He campaigned for facilities for children who grew up in new high-rises in English cities and wrote a series of picture books on playground issues, and at least one book on adventure playgrounds, a space for children's free creativity, that helped ideas spread all over the world.
Playgrounds in the Soviet Union
The playground is an integral part of urban culture in the Soviet Union. In the 1970s and 1980s, there was a playground in almost every park in many Soviet cities. Play equipment is fairly standard across the country; most of them composed of metal bars with relatively few wooden parts, and are manufactured in state-owned factories. Some of the most common constructions are carousel, ball, seesaw, rocket, bridge, etc.
Maps Playground
Design
The design of the playground is influenced by the destination and the intended audience. A separate play area may be offered to accommodate very young children. Single, large, open parks tend not to be used by older school children or less aggressive children, as there is little chance for them to escape from more aggressive children. In contrast, parks that offer multiple play areas are used equally by boys and girls.
Effects on child development
Professionals recognize that the social skills that children develop in playgrounds often become lifelong skills that are brought into their adulthood. Independent research concludes that a playground is one of the most important environments for children outside the home. Most forms of the game are essential for healthy development, but free and spontaneous play - the kind that happens in playgrounds - is the most lucrative type of game.
Attractive, interesting and challenging play equipment is important to keep the kids happy while still developing their learning abilities. It should be developed to suit different groups of children for different stages of learning, such as specialist equipment for breeding & amp; pre-school children teach them basic arithmetic & amp; vocabulary, to build children's creativity and imagination with role-playing panels or puzzles.
There is general consensus that physical activity reduces the risk of psychological problems in children and fosters their self-esteem. The report of the Chief Medical Officer of the United States (Department of Health, 2004), states that a review of available studies suggests that the health benefits of physical activity in children are mostly seen in improving disease risk factors, weight avoidance, peak bump mass and mental wellbeing.
Evidence shows that children who participate in physical activity increase their self-esteem. Ekeland, Heian and Hagan (2005) and Gruber found that exercise programs had a significant positive effect on children's self esteem.
Commentators argue that the quality of a child's practice experience can affect their self-esteem. Ajzen TPB (1991) promotes the idea that children's self-esteem is enhanced through the impulse of physical mastery and self-development. It can be seen that the playground provides an ideal opportunity for children to master physical skills, such as learning to rock, balance and climb. Personal development can be gained through upgrading skills, such as playing, communicating and working with other children and adults in the playground.
It can also be seen that public and private playgrounds act as health precautions among young people as they promote physical activity on stage in the lives of children when they are active and not yet at risk from opt-out of physical activity.
The kids have made many playground and entertainment games. But because the playground is usually subject to adult supervision and supervision, the street culture of young people often struggles to thrive there. Research by Robin Moore concluded that playgrounds must be balanced with marginal areas that (for adults) seem abandoned or wasted, but for their children are areas they can claim for themselves, ideally areas or areas of forest.
For many children, this is their favorite time when they can play in the playground for leisure or rest. It acts as a release for them from the pressures of learning during the day. They know that the time at the playground is their own time.
A type of playground called playscape can give children the necessary feeling of ownership that Moore describes above. Playscapes can also provide parents with their child's safety and well-being, which may not be common in open fields or forested areas.
Funding
In the UK, some organizations are helping to provide funds for schools and local authorities to build playgrounds. These include the Biffa Award, which provides funding under the Small Grant Scheme; Funding Central, which offers support for voluntary organizations and social companies; and Community Development Fund, a flagship program by the Norfolk County Council.
Security
Safety, in the context of a playground, is generally understood as injury prevention. Avoidance of risk and fear of lawsuits from adults who design playgrounds prioritizes injury prevention over other factors, such as development costs or benefits to users. It is important that children gradually develop risk assessment skills, and a completely safe environment does not allow that.
Sometimes the safety of the playground is debated in schools or among regulators. For at least the last twenty years, the type of equipment that can be found in the playground has changed, often toward safer equipment built with plastic. For example, an old jungle gym may be built entirely of steel rods, while newer ones tend to have a minimal steel frame while providing nylon nets for children to ride. A playground with equipment that children can fall on often uses rubber mulch on the ground to help muffle the impact.
The playground is also made different for different age groups. Often schools have higher and more advanced playgrounds for older school children and lower playgrounds with less risk of falling for younger children.
Safety discussions usually do not include an evaluation of the unintended consequences of injury prevention, such as older children who do not exercise in the playground because the playground is too boring.
Safety efforts sometimes paradoxically increase the likelihood and severity of injuries due to the way people choose to use play equipment. For example, older children may choose to climb outside of "safe" but boring, game structures rather than using them as designers intended. Similarly, instead of letting children play in children's playgrounds, some injured parents place children in adult laps and get down together. This seems safer at first glance, but if the child's shoes catch on the edge of the slide, this arrangement often results in the child's leg being broken. If the child is allowed to use the slide independently, then this injury will not happen, because when the shoe is caught, the child will stop sliding rather than being pushed down by the weight of an adult.
Also about the security of the playground is the material in which they are built. Wooden playgrounds act as a more natural environment for children to play but can cause more minor injuries. Sliver is a major concern when building with wood materials. Wet weather is also a threat to children playing in wooden structures. Most of the wood is treated and not worn too quickly, but with enough rain, the wooden playground can be slippery and dangerous for children.
Rule
In the United States, the Consumer Product Safety Commission and the American National Standards Institute have created a Standard Document and Training System for the Certification of Play Supervisors. These regulations are national and provide a basis for safe installation practices and maintenance of the playground. ASTM F1487-07 deals with specific requirements regarding issues such as playground layout, usage zones, and various test criteria to define security on the playground. ASTM F2373 includes general play equipment for children aged 6-24 months. This information can be applied effectively only by C.P.S.I. National List of Trained Safety Supervisors Playground is available for many states. Certified Play Safety Inspector (CPSI) is a career developed by the National Playground Safety Institute (NPSI) and is recognized nationally by the National Recreation and Park Association or N.R.P.A. (Some information sources offer interactive examples of playground equipment that violate CPSC guidelines.)
In Australia, Australian Standards are responsible for the publication of the safety of the US Standard/NS4422, AS/NZS4486.1 and AS4685 playgrounds Sections 1 through 6. The Sydney Technology University is responsible for the training and accreditation of the playground inspector. The Register of Playground Inspectors Australia lists all certified individuals for the inspector's playground in Australia.
The European Standard EN 1177 specifies requirements for surfaces used in playgrounds. For each material type and height of equipment, it determines the minimum depth of material required. EN 1176 includes standard play equipment. In the UK, park playdogs can take the Register of Play Inspector International exam at the three necessary levels - routine, operational, and yearly. The annual inspector may perform post-installation inspections recommended by EN 1176.
Prevention strategy
Because most of the playground injuries due to fall from equipment, injury prevention efforts are mainly aimed at reducing the chances of a child falling and reducing the likelihood of severe injury if the child falls. This is done by:
- reduces the maximum fall of equipment, especially by reducing the overall height of anything a child may climb to or to;
- reduces the possibility of falling from equipment, through the use of obstructions, desperate ascent, and making the upper surface uncomfortable or uncomfortable to climb or sit; and
- put a more flexible surface under and around the playground, so a fallen child is less likely to break the bone.
How effective this strategy to prevent injuries is debated by experts, because when the playground is made of layered material, children often take more risks.
Play injuries
Every year in the United States, the emergency department treats more than 200,000 children ages 14 and younger due to playground-related injuries. Approximately 156,040 (75.8%) of injuries in 1999 occurred in equipment designed for general use; 46,930 (22.8%) occurred in equipment designed for home use; and 2,880 (1.4%) occur in homemade play equipment (especially rope swings).
- Percentage of injuries involving public equipment
- About 46% happens in school.
- Approximately 31% occur in public parks.
- About 10% occur in a commercial childcare center.
- About 3% happens in child care at home.
- About 3% happens in the apartment complex.
- About 2% happens in fast food restaurants.
- Approximately 9% occur in other locations.
From January 1990 to August 2000, the CPSC received a 147 death report for children under 15 that involved playing equipment.
- 70% of these deaths occur at home
- 30% of those deaths occur in public use
Girls were involved in a slightly higher percentage of injuries (55%) than boys (45%).
Injuries to the head and face accounted for 49% of injuries in children 0-4, while injuries to the arms and hands accounted for 49% of injuries in children aged 5-14. About 15% of injuries are classified as severe, with 3% requiring hospitalization. The most common diagnoses are fracture (39%), lacerations (22%), contusions/abrasions (20%), strains/sprains (11%).
For children ages 0-4, climbers (40%) had the highest incidence rate, followed by slides (33%). For children aged 5-14 years, climbing equipment (56%) has the highest incidence rate, followed by swing (24%). Most injuries to common play equipment were associated with climbing equipment (53%), swings (19%), and slides (17%).
Falling to the surface is a contributing factor to 79% of all injuries. In home appliances, 81% are associated with waterfalls.
In 1995, play-related injuries among children aged 14 and younger cost about $ 1.2 billion.
In public playgrounds, more injuries occur on climbers than with other equipment. In the playground at home, the swing is responsible for most of the injuries.
Playgrounds in low-income areas have more treatment-related hazards than playgrounds in high-income areas. For example, playgrounds in low-income areas are significantly more garbage, rusty play equipment, and damaged fall surfaces.
Unintended consequences
As a result of what some experts say is overprotectiveness driven by a fear of lawsuits, the playground has been designed to be, or at least to appear, too safe. This overprotectiveness can protect playground owners from lawsuits, but seems to result in reduced performance and increased fear in children.
Limitations of the equipment result in the children receiving less value than the playing time. A closed, soft, limited, low structure prevents children from taking risks and develops a sense of mastery over their surroundings. Successfully take risks to empower children. For example, a child who climbs up a tall jungle gym enjoys managing a challenging climb to the top, and he experiences the sensation of being in a high and precarious position. In contrast, children with low equipment, designed to reduce the incidence of injuries from falling, do not experience such sensation, mastery, or achievement. In addition, the lack of experience with child altitude is associated with increased acrophobia (fear of heights) in adults.
The emergence of security encourages unreasonable risk taking in children, who may take more plausible risks if they correctly understand that it is possible to break bones on soft surfaces under modern equipment.
Finally, a playground designed to perform low-risk boring, especially for older kids. As a result, they tend to look for alternative play areas, which may be very unsafe.
Risk management is an important life skill, and risk aversion in the playground does not help in the long term. Experts who study child development such as Tim Gill have written about overly protective bias in the provision for children, especially with playgrounds. Instead of a playground built, allowing children to play in a natural environment such as open land or garden is sometimes recommended; children get a better sense of balance playing on uneven ground, and learn to interpret complexity and natural signals more effectively.
Type
Playground can
- Built by the collaborative support of corporate and community resources to achieve a direct and tangible "win" for their environment.
- Public, free, as in most rural primary schools
- Connect with business, only for customers, for example, at McDonald's, IKEA, and Chuck E. Cheese.
- Business Fortunately with entry fees, such as those in the Discovery Zone (now dead), Indoor Zoom Zoom Indoor Playing Arena in Ancaster, Ontario, Jungle Jam Indoor Playground, and Kidtastic Indoor Playground.
- Nonprofit organization for edutainment as a museum and children's science center, some admission tickets, some free.
Inclusive playground
A universally designed playground is designed to be accessible to all children. There are three main components to a higher level of inclusion:
- physical accessibility;
- age and development feasibility; and
- sensory stimulant activity.
Some children with disabilities or developmental differences do not interact with the playground in the same way as children in general. Playgrounds designed without considering the needs of these children may not be accessible or appealing to them.
Most of the efforts at the inclusive playground have been intended to accommodate wheelchair users. For example, rubber paths and ramp ramps replace holes and sand steps, and some features are placed on the ground. Attempts to accommodate children on the autism spectrum, who may find the playground too stimulating or who may have difficulty interacting with other children, have been less common.
Natural playground
The "natural playground" is a play environment that blends natural ingredients, features, and native vegetation with a creative landscape to create deliberately complex nature objects, environments in a way that challenges and fascinates children and teaches them about the wonders and intricacies of the world nature while they play in it.
Components of play may include earth form (sculpture), environmental art, native vegetation (trees, shrubs, grass, flowers, mosses, mosses), rocks or other rock structures, soil and sand, natural fences (stone, willow, wood), textured paths, and natural water features.
Playground for adults
China and some countries in Europe have a playground designed for adults. This is an outdoor space featuring fitness equipment designed to be used primarily by adults, such as a chin bar.
Metaphorical usage
playground is also used as a metaphor to describe a place for some types of games. For example, a laboratory can also be called a playground for a scientist.
See also
- Adventure playground
- Chin Rod
- Youth and Children's Journal
- Cold War play equipment
- Commercial Playground
- Empower the playground
- Friendship bench
- Barrier obstacles
- Play game
- Play songs
- Surface Playing Surfaces
- Playscape
- Play Time
- Playwork
- Break (end)
- String Course
- Rubber Mulch
References
- Ajzen, I. (1991). Theory of planned behavior. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Process, 50, 179-211.
- Biddle, S. J., & amp; Mutrie, N. (2001). Psychology of physical activity: Determinants, well-being and intervention. Abingdon: Routledge.
- Ekeland, E., Heian, M., & amp; Hagen, K.B. (2005). Can exercise increase self-esteem in children and adolescents? A systematic review of randomized controlled trials. British Journal of Sports Medicine, 39, 792-798.
- Department of Health (2004). The benefits of physical activity on a regular basis. Report from the Chief Medical Officer. At least five days a week: evidence of the impact of physical activity and its relationship to health. Retrieved 25 September 2006 from http://www.dh.gov/PublicationsAndStatistics/Publications/PublicationsPolicyAndGuidance/PublicationsPolicyAndGuidanceArticles/fs/en? CONTENT_ID = 40809948chk = 1Ft1Of.
External links
- National Program for Playground Security - U.S. clearinghouse for playground security information
- The Overprotected Kid - an article on the adventure playground at The Atlantic
Source of the article : Wikipedia
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