For the most part, the American Civil War fought in towns and farms in Tennessee, as only Virginia saw more fighting. However, Tennessee is the only country that has large battles or small battles that occur in every region. Tennessee is the last of the Southern states to declare secession from the Union as a large part of the population against secession but see more of its share of the devastation resulting from years of armed soldiers crossing the country. Its rivers are the main artery to the Southern End, and, from the early days of the war, the Union's efforts focused on securing transport routes, as well as major roads and passing mountains like the Cumberland Gap. Tennessee is also considered a "Confederate Breadbasket", as his rich farms fed both armies during the war.
A large number of important battles took place in Tennessee, including fierce combat at the Battle of Shiloh, which at the time was the deadliest battle in American history (later surpassed by a number of other engagements). Other major battles in Tennessee include the Stones River, Chattanooga, Nashville, and Franklin.
Tennessee was one of the most divided states in the country at the start of the war. Before the bombing of Fort Sumter, Tennessee was really pro-Union, though there were still some separate hot beds in the western part of the country. The situation changed when Fort Sumter was bombarded and Lincoln made a call for 75,000 volunteers to suppress the insurgency. Tennessean sees this as a threat to their "southern brothers", and the only real pockets of pro-Unionism come from the eastern part of the country. In fact, Tennessee will provide more troops to the Union than any other Confederate state, combined. However, more than three times the amount was voluntary to the Confederation. Interestingly, General Nathan Bedford Forrest voted against secession, but later fought for his country when the country broke away.
Video Tennessee in the American Civil War
Origins
Pro-Union dan sentimen anti-Republik sebelum serangan ke Fort Sumter
Initially, most of the Tennesseans showed little enthusiasm for breaking away from a nation whose struggle had been so long. In 1860, they had chosen a narrow margin for the Unionist Constitution of John Bell, the native and moderate son who continued to seek a way out of the crisis.
A vocal minority of Tennesseans speaks critically about the northern states and the Lincoln presidency. "The Southern people are preparing for their highest tasks - coercion or invasion," wrote Nashville The Daily Diary on January 5, 1861. The paper expressed the view that Florida, Georgia, and Alabama is exercising the ultimate right of all by taking over all the fort and other military companies in the region - the right to self-defense. The pro-secession proposition was made in Memphis Request to build a fortress in Randolph, Tennessee, on the Mississippi River.
Governor Isham G. Harris held an emergency session of the Tennessee General Assembly in January 1861. During his speech to the legislature on January 7, he described the secession of the Southern states as a crisis caused by "continuous agitation of the question of slavery" and "aggression actual and threatening from the North State... on the clearly defined constitutional rights of the South. "He also expressed an alarm on the growth of the" pure "Republican Party, which he declared bound by" uncompromising hostility to the rights and institutions of the fifteen Southern countries. " He identified many complaints with the Republican Party, blaming them for pushing the slaves to flee by using the Underground Railroad, John Brown raids, and high taxes on forced labor.
Harris agrees with the notion of popular sovereignty, that only people within the state can determine whether slavery can exist within the borders of the country or not. Furthermore, he considers the law authorized by Congress which makes the US territory a non-slave state that takes the territory away from the American people and makes it solely for the North, from which "the South can not live under the rule possible by law recognizes free negro as equal "not included. Governor Harris proposes holding the State Convention. A series of resolutions were presented at the Tennessee House of Representatives by William H. Wisener to the proposal. He declared that any laws regulating and arming the state militia would be unfeasible.
The centrality of the problem of slavery to the secessionist movement was undoubtedly by the people at the time of the Civil War, nor was it ignored by the contemporary press. Particularly in the case of pro-slavery paper, the question of the possibility of granting the same rights to colored persons is not written in diplomatic terms:
The election, will be remembered, takes place on the 9th, and Delegates meet in the Convention on the 25th instant. If you want to wait until you are tied hands and feet then pick those who advocate a 'watch and wait' policy. If you think you have a right and are a black superior then choose those who will not sell you out, body and soul to the Yankee Republicans - for those who prefer to see independent Tennessee exit the Union, then the Union is subdued. [emphasis in the original]
On February 3, 1861, pro-Union Knoxville Whig published the "Secret Circular" erroneously sent by its author to the Tennessee Postmaster US Promaster Union. In it was revealed a comprehensive plan by the pro-slavery of Tennesseeans and others to launch a propaganda campaign to convince Tennesseans that the forces of the pro-separatist movement were remarkable:
Dear Sir - Our genuine concern for the success of the Great Southern Rights movement to secure the immediate release of the great dangers that endanger our political and social security will, we believe, be a sufficient apology for the results we are seeking to apply to you. Southern heart sentiment strongly supports this movement. Only light is desired so that many people see their way clearly and the prayers of every true patriot will finally come true. Tennessee will be a unit. Although the time is very short, this object may not be finished, if only a few people, (the more the better) in each region, will devote all their energy to it during the hill for the Delegation. We sincerely request your attention, therefore, for the following suggestions:
- Make sure to have your best people in the field, WITHOUT DEALING OPINIONAL POLITICAL OPINIONS.
- Make sure that no submissionist, for any reason to sacrifice our rights, or wait outside March 4 for a new warranty, apply yourself to you. Our only hope for peace and salvation is the action decided before the inauguration. Lincoln.
- Do not wait for public meetings, but quickly gather some friends who are active, intelligent, careful, careful, uncompromising, honest, "Human Rights-South Anti-Coercion" and appoint the Committee and Collector, who are willing to devoting himself completely and unceasingly to big and dangerous work, from this hour to the closing of the election.
- Appoint the Committee, also, to every Civil District, a man known to coincide with you and ourselves in sentiment.
- Organize, immediately, Southern Right Anti-Coercion Society.
- We will ship during the canvas, UNION AND AMERICA and GAZETTE, to supply your County. We believe that you believe will immediately send to the District Committee, which at the time of delivery, start the distribution work, and this despite the existence of half a dozen copies for each district. No, please, wait for people to call documents, papers to read, and CIRCULATE.
- Write as many letters to your friends as possible, and urge them with every consideration of patriotism, to work, work, work.
[...] We can, we must, bring our Country. Our hearts will connect within us, to the empty thinking of decline and evil for leaving our more southern brethren united to us by all the views so that our sympathy and interest, and chained to the cars of the Black Republicans, who will hate our self for our submission; and worse of all, by moral influence alone, if not by the force of law enforcement destroying all of our social order, and all the real freedoms of thought and action. your own judgment will suggest many things that we can not allude now. [emphasis added]
Sincerely,
[Signed] Wm. Williams, Chm'n./S. C. Goethall [?], Sec'y,/Andrew Cheatham/J. R. Baus [?]/R. H. Williamson/G. W. Cunningham/H. M. Cheatham, W. S. Peppin The Central South Anti-Coercion Committee
In Memphis, Unionists held two torch processions to honor their goals. The separatists responded with their own demonstrations and a ball of celebration. That week, on February 9, the state of Tennessee would vote on whether to send a delegate to the State Convention which would decide on the separation. The General Assembly organized by Governor Isham Harris does not believe in having the authority to call the State Convention without the people's votes.
In February 1861, 54 percent of the country's voters voted against the sending of delegates to the separation convention, defeating proposals to the State Convention with a vote of 69,675-57,798. If a State Convention has been held, it will be very very pro-Union. 88,803 votes were awarded to Unionist candidates and 22,749 votes were awarded to Secession candidates. That day the American flag was shown in "every part of town," in the same spirit that existed during the 1860 presidential campaign, wrote Nashville The Daily Diary . The supporters of slavocracy are embarrassed, demoralized and politically disoriented but unwilling to admit defeat: "Whatever may be the result of the difficulties that currently plague our country - will we unite in our common destiny or whether two Republicans will take the place which has stood for nearly a century, the admiration of all our nations will still bow with respect to see the stars and stripes, and recognize it as the standard by which children freedom can rally [..] And if denial people from the South pleading and pleading for years-not in this critical moment, raising their brothers from the North for a sense of justice and righteousness, and the honor of demanding segregation, we will still have the same claim to the colors Washington, the great son of the South, and Virginia, mother of the United States. ' Do not let us leave the star and the line where the South man so often heads for victory. "" In the corner opposite the newspaper office, the crowd gathered around the bagpipe player playing Yankee Doodle, after which former mayor John Hugh Smith gave the received speech with loud cheers.
In a letter to Democratic Senator Andrew Johnson, publisher of Clarksville (TN) Jeffersonian , C.O. Faxon, presumes that the margins used to win the no-convention vote will be even greater, if Union people are not afraid if the State Convention is not called later, then Isham Harris will once again call for the State Convention when more state legislators are "infected with the separation epidemic "[...]" Gov Harris is Check mated [sic] The Union maj [Country] in the State will almost defy calculation [.] As far as hearing of disunionist has been done by one particular region Union and America [Nashville , TN pro-secede paper] Standing reprimanded and cursed before people from the State "
On March 7, Memphis The Daily Request wrote that the abolitionists sought to uproot the Southern region won during the US-Mexican War. This shows that slave countries have provided twice as many volunteers as free countries and territories, although it is not recorded that slave countries are the ones who most support the war.
On March 19, the editor of Clarksville Chronicle authorized pro-Union candidates for state senators in Robertson, Montgomery, and Stewart districts.
On April 2, Memphis Daily calls contained satirical death news for Uncle Sam, proclaiming he had died of "an unbearable conflict of diseases," after meeting Abraham Lincoln. A Robertson County slave owner complained that he could not rent his slave to "half of their value" because "the niggers thought when Lincoln took the last one, they would all be free."
Reaction to attack on Fort Sumter
With the attack on Fort Sumter on 12 April 1861, followed by President Abraham Lincoln's appeal on April 15 for 75,000 volunteers to return the separate states, public sentiment changed dramatically against the Union.
Historian Daniel Crofts reports:
Governor Isham Harris began military mobilization, submitted a regulation of secession to the General Assembly, and made a direct offer to the Confederate government.
Tennessee separates
In a referendum of June 8, 1861, East Tennessee continued to cling to a farewell, while West Tennessee returned an equally heavy majority. The decision decided to come in Central Tennessee, which went from 51 percent against secession in February to 88 percent in June.
Having been ratified by the popular voice of its relationship with the newly born Confederacy, Tennessee became the last state to formally declare its withdrawal from the Union.
Maps Tennessee in the American Civil War
Large campaign
1862
Control of the Cumberland and Tennessee Rivers is important in gaining control of Tennessee during the age of the steamers. Tennessee relies on a northern river boat to receive basic commodities from the Cumberland and Tennessee valleys. The idea of ​​using a river to breach the Confederate lines of the West was known at the end of 1861; Union warships have scanned Confederate fortress buildings on twin rivers for months before the campaign. Ulysses S. Grant and the United States Navy seized control of the Cumberland and Tennessee Rivers in February 1862 and resisted the Confederate counter-attack in Shiloh in April of the same year.
The capture of Memphis and Nashville gave the Union control of the West and Central parts. The controls were confirmed at the battle of Murfreesboro in early January 1863. After Nashville was arrested (the capital of the first Confederate state fell) Andrew Johnson, East Tennessean of Greeneville, was appointed state military governor by Lincoln. During this time, the military government abolished slavery (but with questionable legality). The Confederation continued to hold East Tennessee despite the strength of Unionist sentiments there, with the exception of Sullivan and Rhea County being highly pro-Confederate.
1863
After winning a victory at Chickamauga in September 1863, the Confederates surrounded Chattanooga but were eventually driven out by Grant in November. The many defeats of the Confederacy can be attributed to the poor leadership of General Braxton Bragg, who led the Tennessee Army from Shiloh to the Confederate defeat in Chattanooga. Historian Thomas Connelly concludes that although Bragg is a capable planner and skilled organizer, he fails repeatedly in operations, in part because he can not collaborate effectively with his subordinates.
1864
Pertempuran besar terakhir terjadi ketika Jenderal John Bell Hood memimpin Konfederasi utara pada November 1864. Dia diperiksa di Franklin, dan pasukannya hampir dihancurkan oleh pasukan George Thomas yang sangat superior di Nashville pada bulan Desember.
Pertempuran di Tennessee
Pemimpin Konfederasi Terkemuka dari Tennessee
Pemimpin Serikat Terkemuka dari Tennessee
Pemerintah dan politik
The fear of subversion is widespread throughout the state. In West and Central Tennessee, the fear of pro-Union activism, which was proactively opposed by many local Security and Caution Committees from 1860 to 1862. They emerged as early as the 1860 Presidential election, and when the war began, activists grew aggressive. program to detect and suppress Unionists. The committee established a spy system, intercepted emails, inspected things, forced people into Confederate Army, confiscated personal belongings, and whenever it seemed necessary the enemies of the colonized Confederate. The committees were dissolved by the Union Armed Forces when it took power in 1862.
Unionism and East Tennessee
East Tennessee is a stronghold of Unionism; most slaves are housemaids - a luxury - rather than a plantation operation base. The dominant mood strongly opposes secession. Tennesseans representing twenty-six counties in East Tennessee met twice in Greeneville and Knoxville and agreed to break away from Tennessee (see East Tennessee Convention 1861.) They petitioned the state legislature in Nashville, who refused their request to separate and dispatch troops Confederate under Felix Zollicoffer to occupy East Tennessee and prevent secession. This area was under the control of the Confederate from 1861 to 1863. Nevertheless East Tennessee supplied a large number of troops to the Federal army. (See also Nickajack). Many East Tennesseans are involved in guerilla warfare against state authorities by burning bridges, cutting telegraph wires, and spying for North Korea. East Tennessee became an early base for Republicans in the South. Strong support for the Union challenged the Confederate commander who ruled East Tennessee for much of the war. Generals Felix K. Zollicoffer, Edmund Kirby Smith, and Sam Jones vacillated between violent actions and peaceful movements to gain support, but were not very successful whether they captured hundreds of Unionist leaders or allowed people to escape from the draft Confederation. Union forces finally captured the territory in 1863. The famous General William Sherman in March to the Sea saw him personally escorted by the 1st Alabama Cavalry Regiment, composed entirely of Southern Unionists. Despite its name, the regiment is largely composed of people from Tennessee.
Economy
Refugees poured into Nashville during the war, because of the abundant jobs at the depots, warehouses and hospitals that served the war effort, and furthermore, the city was much safer than in the countryside. Unionists and Confederate sympathizers flooded, just as free blacks and escaped slaves, and businessmen from the North. There was a bit of heavy industry in the South but the Western Iron District in Central Tennessee was the largest iron manufacturer in the Confederation in 1861. One of the biggest operations was the Cumberland Iron Works, which the Defense Department of Defense tried and failed to protect. Memphis and Nashville, with a very large transient population, have developed red light districts. Trade union rules during the war force prostitutes to buy licenses and pass medical exams, especially to protect soldiers from venereal diseases. Their trade was deregulated after military controls ended.
Aftermath
After the war, Tennessee adopted a constitutional amendment banning human ownership on February 22, 1865; ratified the Fourteenth Amendment of the United States Constitution on 18 July 1866; and was the first state re-accepted by the Union on July 24, 1866. Because it ratified the Fourteenth Amendment, Tennessee was the only country that broke away from the Union without a military governor during the Reconstruction. This does not appease those who are unhappy with the defeat of the Confederacy. Many white people, Tennessean, reject efforts to extend voting and other civil rights to the liberated.
For the white generation, Tennessean has been raised to believe that slavery is justified. Some can not accept that their former slaves are now equal under the law. When the Supreme Court state upheld the constitutionality of African American suffrage in 1867, his reaction became stronger. The Nashville Republican Banner on January 4, 1868, published an editorial calling on the white South's revolutionary movement to shift the one-party rule of the state imposed by the Republicans and restore the legal inferiority of the black population.
"In this State, reconstruction has perfected itself and done the worst, it has set up a government as complete as a closed company that can be found, it has placed blacks on white as an agent and the main step of domination: it has built a machine system where all the guarantees, privileges, and free opportunities are removed from people.... The impossibility of giving free votes in Tennessee that there is no revolutionary movement... is a fact that is beyond doubt. "
The Banner urges its readers to ignore presidential elections and direct their energies to build a "local movement here at home" to end Republican rule.
According to the 1860 census, African-Americans make up only 25% of the population of Tennessee, which means they can not dominate politics. Only a few African Americans are in charge of the Tennessee legislature during Reconstruction, and not many more as state and municipal officers. However, the Nashville Banner may react to an increase in African-American participation in the city council, where they hold about a third of the seats. Tennessee has strong Confederate memories (based in West Tennessee and Central Tennessee), which focuses on the Lost Cause theme of the heroic defense against traditional freedom. To a lesser extent, the Tennesseans celebrate Unionist memories based in East Tennessee and among blacks.
See also
- Konfederate States of America - an animation map of the separation of countries and confederations
- List of the Confederate Civil War units
- List of the Tennessee Civil War units
- Nashville in the Civil War
References
Further reading
External links
- Follow the day-to-day activities during the Tennessee Squicentennial Civil War (2011-2015)
- Map of the National Park Service shows Civil War Sites in Tennessee
- The Battle of Franklin, 30 November 1864 (extensive site)
- McGavock Confederate Cemetery in Franklin
Source of the article : Wikipedia
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