Car (or car ) is a wheeled motor vehicle used for transportation. Most car definitions say they run primarily on roads, seats one to eight people, have four tires, and mainly carry people rather than goods. Cars began to be used globally during the 20th century, and advanced economies depended on them. The year 1886 is considered the birth year of modern cars when German inventor Karl Benz built his Benz Patent-Motorwagen. Cars became widely available at the beginning of the 20th century. One of the first cars accessible to the masses was the Model T 1908, an American car manufactured by Ford Motor Company. Cars were quickly adopted in the US, where they replaced wagons and animal-drawn carts, but took longer to be accepted in Western Europe and other parts of the world.
The car has controls for driving, parking, comfort and passenger safety, and controlling various lights. For decades, additional features and controls have been added to the vehicle, making them even more complex. Examples include reverse rear camera, air conditioning, navigation systems, and car entertainment. Most of the cars used in 2010 are driven by internal combustion engines, fueled by the burning of fossil fuels. It causes air pollution and also contributes to climate change and global warming. Vehicles using alternative fuels such as flexible ethanol-fuel vehicles and natural gas vehicles are also gaining popularity in several countries. The electric car, discovered at the beginning of the car's history, became commercially available in 2008.
There are costs and benefits for car use. Fees include vehicle purchases, interest payments (if the car is financed), repairs and maintenance, fuel, depreciation, driving time, parking fees, taxes, and insurance. The cost to the community includes road maintenance, land use, road congestion, air pollution, public health, health care, and vehicle disposal at the end of its lifetime. Road traffic accidents are the biggest cause of injury-related deaths worldwide.
Benefits include on-demand transportation, mobility, independence, and comfort. Social benefits include economic benefits, such as employment and wealth creation from the automotive industry, provision of transportation, social welfare from leisure and travel opportunities, and income from taxes. The ability of people to move flexibly from one place to another has far-reaching implications for the nature of society. It is estimated in 2014 that the number of cars is more than 1.25 billion vehicles, up from 500 million in 1986. The numbers are increasing rapidly, especially in China, India and other new industrialized countries.
Video Car
Etimologi
The word car is believed to come from the Latin carrus or carrum ("wheeled vehicles"), or the Middle English word
The word "car" is a classical compound derived from the ancient Greek word autÃÆ'³s (?????), meaning "self," and the Latin word mobilis , meaning " Move". It entered English from France, and was first adopted by the Automobile Club of Great Britain in 1897. Over time, the word "car" fell out of favor in England, and was replaced by a "motor car". "Cars" remain primarily North American, primarily as a formal or commercial term. The shorthand form, "automatic", was once a common way to refer to cars in English, but is now considered archaic. This word is still very common as an adjective in American English, usually in combined formations such as "automotive industry" and "auto mechanics". In Dutch and German languages, two languages ​​historically related to English, the form of "automatic" (Dutch)/"Automatic" (German), as well as the full official version of "automobiel" (Dutch)/"Automobil" (Germany) are still in use - both in short form is the most regular word for "car".
Maps Car
History
The first steam-powered vehicle designed - and most probably built - by Ferdinand Verbiest, a Flemish member of the Jesuit mission in China circa 1672. It was a 65 cm scale model toy for the Emperor of China could not bring a driver or passenger. It is not known for certain whether the Verbiest model was successfully built or executed.
Nicolas-Joseph Cugnot is widely credited with building the first full-scale mechanical or self-propelled mechanical vehicle in about 1769; he invented the steam-powered three wheel. He also built two steam tractors for the French Army, one of which is preserved in the French National Arts and Crafts Conservatory. However, his discovery is inhibited by the problem of water supply and maintains the vapor pressure. In 1801, Richard Trevithick built and demonstrated his Puffing Devil street locomotive, believed by many to be the first demonstration of a steam-powered road vehicle. It can not maintain sufficient steam pressure for a long time, and few practical uses.
The development of an external combustion engine is detailed as part of the history of the car, but is often treated separately from actual car development. Various steam-powered road vehicles were used during the first part of the 19th century, including steam cars, steam buses, phaeton, and steam rollers. Sentiment towards them led to the Story of Locomotives in 1865.
In 1807, NicÃÆ'Â © phore NiÃÆ'Â © pce and his brother Claude created what may be the world's first internal combustion engine (which they call PyrÃÆ' Â © olophore), but they chose to install it on a boat on the Saone river in France. Incidentally, in 1807 the inventor of Swiss FranÃÆ'§ois Isaac de Rivaz designed his own 'De Rivaz's combustion engine' and used it to develop the world's first vehicle powered by such a machine. The portion of NiÃÆ'Â ° pces' olophore is triggered by a mixture of Lycopodium powder (dry spores of Lycopodium plant), finely crushed coal dust and resin mixed with oil, while de Rivaz uses a mixture of hydrogen and oxygen. There are no very successful designs, just like others, such as Samuel Brown, Samuel Morey, and Etienne Lenoir with their hippomobiles, each of which produces a vehicle (usually a customized carriage or wagon) powered by an internal combustion engine.
In November 1881, the French inventor Gustave Trouvà © á © demonstrating the first electric-powered (electric tricycle) car at the Electrical International Exhibition, Paris. Although several other German engineers (including Gottlieb Daimler, Wilhelm Maybach, and Siegfried Marcus) were working on the problem at about the same time, Karl Benz was generally recognized as the inventor of a modern car.
In 1879, Benz was granted a patent for his first machine, which had been designed in 1878. Many of his other inventions made the use of a proper internal combustion engine to power the vehicle. The first Motorwagen was built in 1885 in Mannheim, Germany. He was awarded a patent for his invention since its application on 29 January 1886 (under the auspices of its main company, Benz & Cie., Which was founded in 1883). Benz began promoting the vehicle on July 3, 1886, and about 25 Benz vehicles were sold between 1888 and 1893, when the first four-wheeled vehicles were introduced along with models aimed at affordability. They are also powered by a four-stroke engine of its own design. Emile Roger of France, already producing benz engines under license, now adds Benz cars to its product line. Because France is more open to early cars, it was originally built and sold in France through Roger than Benz sold in Germany. In August 1888 Bertha Benz, Karl Benz's wife, made the first trip by car, to prove the feasibility of the path of her husband's discovery.
In 1896, Benz designed and patented the first internal-burning flat engine, called the boxermotor . During the last years of the nineteenth century, Benz was the world's largest automobile company with 572 units produced in 1899 and, due to its size, Benz & amp; Cie., Became a joint-stock company. The first motor car in Central Europe and one of the world's first factory-made cars, was produced by the Czech company Nesselsdorfer Wagenbau (later renamed Tatra) in 1897, Prag's private car.
Daimler and Maybach founded Daimler Motoren Gesellschaft (DMG) at Cannstatt in 1890, and sold their first car in 1892 under the brand name Daimler . It was a horse-drawn stagecoach built by another manufacturer, which they wore with their design engine. In 1895 about 30 vehicles had been built by Daimler and Maybach, either at Daimler's work or at Hotel Hermann, where they set up shop after a dispute with their supporters. Benz, Maybach, and the Daimler team do not seem to be aware of their initial work. They never cooperate; at the merger of the two companies, Daimler and Maybach are no longer part of the DMG. Daimler died in 1900 and later that year, Maybach designed a machine called Daimler-Mercedes placed in a specially ordered model made for the specifications set by Emil Jellinek. It is the production of a small number of vehicles for Jellinek to race and market in his country. Two years later, in 1902, a new DMG model car was produced and the model was named Mercedes after the Maybach engine, which produced 35 hp. Maybach stopped DMG shortly afterwards and opened his own business. The trademark rights Daimler are sold to other manufacturers.
Karl Benz proposes cooperation between DMG and Benz & amp; When economic conditions began to deteriorate in Germany after the First World War, but the DMG directors refused to consider it at first. Negotiations between the two companies continued several years later when the condition deteriorated and, in 1924 they signed the Mutual Interest Agreement, valid until 2000. Both companies standardize design, production, purchase and sale and they advertise or market their car models together , despite maintaining each brand. On June 28, 1926, Benz & amp; Cie. And DMG eventually merged as a Daimler-Benz company, baptizing all of its Mercedes Benz cars, as a brand that respects the most important models of the DMG car, the Maybach design is then referred to as 1902 Mercedes-35Ã, hp, along with the Benz name. Karl Benz remained a member of Daimler-Benz's board of directors until his death in 1929, and sometimes his two sons also participated in the management of the company.
In 1890, ÃÆ'â € ° Levassor and Armand Peugeot of France began producing vehicles with Daimler engines, and laid the foundations of the automotive industry in France. In 1891, Auguste Doriot and his Peugeot counterpart Louis Rigoulot completed the longest journey by gasoline-powered vehicles when designed and built by their Daimler Peugeot Type 3, completing 2,100 km (1,300 miles) from Valentigney to Paris and Brest and back again. They were tied to the first Paris-Brest-Paris bike race, but ended 6 days after the winning cyclist, Charles Terront.
The first design for American cars with internal combustion engines of gasoline was made in 1877 by George Selden of Rochester, New York. Selden applied for a patent for the car in 1879, but the patent application expired because the vehicle was never built. After a sixteen year delay and a series of attachments to its application, on 5 November 1895, Selden was granted a US patent ( US Pat. 549,160 ) for a two-stroke car engine, which was blocked, more than encouraging, United States of America. The patent was challenged by Henry Ford and others, and was canceled in 1911.
In 1893, the first American-powered gasoline car built and tested by Duryea brothers from Springfield, Massachusetts. The first public run of Duryea Motor Wagon occurred on 21 September 1893, at Taylor Street in Metro Center Springfield. The Studebaker Automobile Company, a subsidiary of long-established manufacturer of carts and trainers, began building cars in 1897 and started the sale of electric vehicles in 1902 and gasoline vehicles in 1904.
In the UK, there were several attempts to build steam cars with varying degrees of success, with Thomas Rickett even attempting to run production in 1860. Santler of Malvern was recognized by the Veteran Car Club of Great Britain for having made the country's first gasoline-powered car on in 1894, followed by Frederick William Lanchester in 1895, but both were one-off. The first production vehicle in Great Britain came from Daimler Company, a company founded by Harry J. Lawson in 1896, after purchasing the right to use the name of the machine. Lawson Company made its first car in 1897, and they used the name Daimler .
In 1892, German engineer Rudolf Diesel was granted a patent for "New Rational Combustion Engine". In 1897, he built the first diesel engine. Vehicles powered by steam, electricity, and gasoline competed for decades, with internal combustion engines of gasoline reaching dominance in the 1910s. Although various pistonless rotary engine designs have tried to compete with conventional pistons and crankshaft designs, only the Mazda version of the Wankel engine has more than a very limited success.
Overall, it is estimated that more than 100,000 patents create modern cars and motorcycles.
Mass production
Large-scale production, affordable online car production was started by Ransom Olds in 1901 at the Oldsmobile plant in Lansing, Michigan and based on a stationary assembly line technique pioneered by Marc Isambard Brunel at Portsmouth Block Mills, England, in 1802. The assembly line style mass production and interchangeable parts were pioneered in the US by Thomas Blanchard in 1821, at Springfield Armory in Springfield, Massachusetts. This concept was greatly expanded by Henry Ford, beginning in 1913 with the world's first mobile moving assembly line for cars at the Highland Park Ford Plant.
As a result, Ford's automobiles got off the line in fifteen-minute intervals, much faster than previous methods, increasing productivity eightfold, while using less labor (from 12.5-hours to 1 hour 33 minutes). It was very successful, the paint became an obstacle. Only black Japan will dry fast enough, forcing the company to drop the various colors available before 1913, until the fast dry Duco lacquer was developed in 1926. This is the source of apocryphal speech of Ford, "any color as long as black". In 1914 an assembly line worker could buy Model T with a four-month payment.
Ford's elaborate safety procedures - especially assigning each worker to a particular location rather than letting them roam - dramatically reduce the level of injury. The combination of high wages and high efficiency is called "Fordism," and copied by most major industries. The efficiency gains from the assembly line also coincide with the US economic upswing. The assembly line forces the worker to work at a certain speed with a very repetitive movement that results in more output per worker while other countries use less productive methods.
In the automotive industry, his success dominated, and quickly spread throughout the world looking at the founding of Ford France and Ford of England in 1911, Ford Denmark 1923, Ford Germany 1925; in 1921, Citroen was the first original European manufacturer to adopt the production method. Soon, the company must have an assembly line, or risk going bankrupt; in 1930, 250 companies that did not, have disappeared.
The development of automotive technology is fast, partly because hundreds of small producers compete to get the world's attention. Major developments include electric ignition and electric self-starter (both by Charles Kettering, for Cadillac Motor Company in 1910-1911), independent suspension, and four wheel brakes.
Since the 1920s, almost all cars have been mass-produced to meet market needs, so marketing plans often greatly affect car design. It was Alfred P. Sloan who founded the idea of ​​different brands of cars produced by a single company, called the General Motors Companion Preparation Program, so buyers could "move up" as their wealth increased.
Reflects the rapid rate of change, making the parts that are shared with one another so that larger production volumes result in lower costs for each price range. For example, in the 1930s, LaSalles, sold by Cadillac, used cheaper mechanical components manufactured by Oldsmobile; in the 1950s, Chevrolet shared a hood, a door, a roof, and a window with a Pontiac; in the 1990s, corporate powertrains and common platforms (with replaceable brakes, suspensions, and other parts) were common. Even so, only major manufacturers can afford the high cost, and even companies with decades of production, like Apperson, Cole, Dorris, Haynes, or Premier, can not manage: about two hundred American automakers in 1920, only 43 survived in 1930, and with the Great Depression, in 1940, only 17 were left.
In Europe, the same thing will happen. Morris established its production line at Cowley in 1924, and soon surpassed Ford, while beginning in 1923 to follow Ford's vertical integration practice, buying Hotchkiss (engine), Wrigley (gearbox), and Osberton (radiator), for example, as well as competitors, such as Wolseley: in 1925, Morris had 41% of total UK car production. Most of Britain's small car builders, from Abbey to Xtra, have fallen down. Citroen did the same in France, came to the car in 1919; between them and other cheap cars in answers like Renault's 10CV and Peugeot's 5CV, they produced 550,000 cars in 1925, and Mors, Hurtu, and others could not compete. Germany's first mass production car, the Opel 4PS Laubfrosch (Frog Tree), came off the line at Russelsheim in 1924, immediately making Opel the top car builder in Germany, with 37.5% of the market.
In Japan, car production was very limited before World War II. Only a handful of companies produce vehicles in limited quantities, and these are small, three-wheeler for commercial use, such as Daihatsu, or are the result of partnering with European companies, such as Isuzu built Wolseley A-9 in 1922. Mitsubishi also partnered with Fiat and built Mitsubishi A model based on Fiat vehicles. Toyota, Nissan, Suzuki, Mazda, and Honda started as a company producing non-automotive products before the war, switched to car production during the 1950s. Kiichiro Toyoda's decision to take Toyoda Loom Works into car manufacturing will create what will eventually become Toyota Motor Corporation, the world's largest carmaker. Subaru, meanwhile, was formed from a conglomerate of six companies united as Fuji Heavy Industries, as a result of having been broken down under legislative keiretsu.
Fuel and propulsion technology
Most of the cars used in 2010 are driven by internal combustion engines, fueled by burning (not explosion) burning of hydrocarbon fossil fuels, mostly gasoline (diesel) and diesel, as well as some Autogas and CNG. Hydrocarbon fuel causes air pollution and contributes to climate change and global warming. Rapidly increasing oil prices, concerns about oil dependence, environmental law tightening and greenhouse gas emission limits are pushing work on alternative power systems for cars. Efforts to upgrade or replace existing technologies include the development of hybrid vehicles, plug-in electric vehicles and hydrogen vehicles. Vehicles using alternative fuels such as flexible ethanol-fuel vehicles and natural gas vehicles are also gaining popularity in several countries. Cars for racing or speed records sometimes use jet engines or rockets, but this is not practical for general use.
The consumption of oil in the twentieth and twenty-first centuries has been largely driven by car growth; the oil glut from 1985 to 2003 even triggered the sale of low-economy vehicles in OECD countries. The BRIC countries add to this consumption; in December 2009 China was briefly the largest car market.
User interface
The car is equipped with controls used for driving, passenger comfort and safety, usually operated with a combination of foot and hand, and sometimes by voice in the 2000s car. These controls include the steering wheel, the pedal to operate the brakes and control the speed of the car (and, in manual transmission cars, clutch pedals), gear levers or sticks to change gears, and a number of buttons and turntops to turn on lights, ventilation and other functions. Modern car controls are now standardized, such as locations for accelerators and brakes, but this is not always the case. Controls evolve in response to new technologies, such as electric cars and the integration of mobile communications.
Since this car was first invented, its control became fewer and simpler through automation. For example, all cars have manual controls for choke valves, couplings, ignition timing, and cranks instead of electric starters. But new controls are also added to the vehicle, making it more complicated. Examples include air conditioning, navigation systems, and in-car entertainment. Another trend is the replacement of physical buttons and switches for secondary control with touch screen controls like the BMW iDrive and Ford MyFord Touch. Another change is that while the initial car pedal was physically linked to brake and throttle mechanisms, in 2010, cars increasingly replaced this physical connection with electronic controls.
Exposure
Cars are usually equipped with several types of lights. This includes the headlights, which are used to illuminate the way forward and make the car visible to other users, so the vehicle can be used at night; in some jurisdictions, daytime lights; red brake lights to indicate when brakes are applied; turn amber signal light to indicate the driver's turn intent; white backlight to illuminate the area behind the car (and indicate that the driver is going or is retreating); and on some vehicles, additional lights (eg, side marker lights) to improve the car's visibility. Interior lights on the ceiling of the car are usually installed for drivers and passengers. Some vehicles also have luggage light and, more rarely, light engine compartments.
Weight
In the United States, "from 1975 to 1980, the average weight of [cars] decreased from 1,842 to 1,464 kg (4,060 to 3,228 pounds), possibly in response to a rise in gasoline prices" and new fuel efficiency standards. The average new car weighed 1,461 kg (3,221 pounds) in 1987, but 1,818 kg (4,009 pounds) in 2010, due to modern steel safety enclosures, anti-lock brakes, airbags and "stronger - if more-efficiency - engine. "Heavier cars are safer for drivers, from an accident point of view, but more dangerous to other vehicles and road users. The weight of the car affects fuel consumption and performance, with greater weight that results in increased fuel consumption and performance degradation. The SmartFortwo, a small town car, weighs 750-795 kg (1,655-1,755 pounds). Heavier cars include full-size cars, SUVs, and long SUVs like the Suburban.
According to research conducted by Julian Allwood of Cambridge University, global energy use can be greatly reduced by using lighter cars, and the average weight of 500 kg (1,100 pounds) has been said to be well achieved. In some competitions like Shell Eco Marathon, an average car weight of 45 kg (99 pounds) has also been achieved. These cars are only single-seaters (still included in the definition of the car, although 4-seat cars are more common), but they still show a reduced car weight, and subsequent lower fuel use (ie up to 2560 fuel usage km/l).
Seat and body style
Most cars are designed to carry many residents, often with four or five seats. A car with five seats usually put two passengers in front and three seats in the back. Full-size cars and large sports vehicles can often carry six, seven, or more passengers depending on the seat arrangement. On the other hand, sports cars are most often designed with only two seats. Different requirements for passenger and baggage capacity or their cargo space have resulted in the availability of different types of body styles to meet the needs of individual consumers that include, for example, sedans/sedans, hatchbacks, station wagons/estate, and minivans.
Security
Road traffic accidents are the biggest cause of injury-related deaths worldwide. Mary Ward became one of the first documented car victims in 1869 in Parsonstown, Ireland, and Henry Bliss was one of the first pedestrian car victims in the United States in 1899 in New York City. There are now standard tests for safety in new cars, such as EuroNCAP and the US NCAP tests, and tests supported by the insurance industry by the Insurance Institute for Highway Safety (IIHS).
Around the world, road traffic is becoming more secure, in part because of government efforts to implement safety features in cars (eg seat belts, airbags, etc.), Reduce unsafe driving practices (eg Speeding, drinking, driving, and send messages) and make the road design safer by adding features like speed bumps, which reduce vehicle speed, and roundabouts, which reduces the chance of collisions (compared to intersections).
Cost and benefits
The cost of using the car, which may include costs: obtaining a vehicle, repair and automatic maintenance, fuel, depreciation, driving time, parking fees, taxes and insurance, weighed against alternative costs, and the value of benefits - felt and real - vehicle usage. Benefits include on-demand transportation, mobility, independence, and convenience. During the 1920s, cars had another advantage: "[c] ouples finally had a way to go on an unattended date, plus they had a private space to snuggle up close at the end of the night."
Similarly, the costs to society include the use of cars, which may include: road maintenance, land use, air pollution, road congestion, public health, health care, and disposal of vehicles at the end of their lives, can be balanced. to the value of benefits to the community that the use of cars produce. Social benefits may include: economic benefits, such as employment and wealth creation, automobile production and maintenance, provision of transport, community welfare derived from leisure and travel opportunities, and income generated from tax opportunities. The human ability to move flexibly from one place to another has far-reaching implications for the nature of society.
Environmental impact
Although there are different types of fuel that can drive the car, most rely on gasoline or diesel. The US Environmental Protection Agency states that the average vehicle releases 8,887 grams of greenhouse gas (CO 2 ) carbon dioxide per gallon of gasoline. The average vehicle that uses diesel fuel will emit 10,180 grams of carbon dioxide. Many governments use fiscal policy (such as road tax or US gas lighter taxes) to influence vehicle purchase decisions, with low CO 2 numbers often resulting in tax reductions. Fuel taxes can act as an incentive for more efficient production, thereby reducing pollution, car design (eg hybrid vehicles) and development of alternative fuels. High fuel taxes can provide a strong incentive for consumers to buy cars that are lighter, smaller, more fuel efficient, or not driving. On average, cars currently around 75 percent can be recycled, and using recycled steel helps reduce energy use and pollution. In the United States Congress, federally mandated fuel efficiency standards have been debated on a regular basis, passenger car standards have not increased above 27.5 miles per gallon US (8.6 L/100 km; 33.0 mpg -imp ) standard set in 1985. Standard light trucks have changed more frequently, and are set at 22.2 miles per gallon US (10.6 L/100 km; 26.7 mpg -imp ) in 2007.
The manufacture of resource-intensive vehicles, and many manufacturers are now reporting the environmental performance of their plants, including energy use, waste and water consumption.
The growing popularity of cars allows the city to sprawl, therefore encouraging more travel by car resulting in inactivity and obesity, which in turn can lead to an increased risk of various diseases.
Transportation (of all types including trucks, buses and cars) is a major contributor to air pollution in most industrialized countries. According to the US Surface Transportation Policy Project almost half of all Americans breathe unhealthy air. Their study shows air quality in dozens of metropolitan areas has deteriorated over the last decade.
Animals and plants are often negatively affected by cars through habitat destruction and pollution. During the average lifespan of the car, the "potential loss of habitat" may be more than 50,000 m 2 (540,000 sqÃ, ft) based on primary production correlations. Animals are also killed each year on the road by car, called roadkill. The development of newer roads includes significant environmental mitigation in their designs such as green bridges to allow for wildlife crossings, and create wildlife corridors.
The growing popularity of vehicles and commuters has caused traffic congestion. Brussels is considered the most crowded city in Europe in 2011 according to TomTom.
Appear car technology
Car propulsion technologies under development include gasoline/electric and plug-in hybrids, battery electric vehicles, hydrogen cars, biofuels, and various alternative fuels. Research on alternative forms of power in the future includes the development of fuel cells, the compression of Homogeneous compression (HCCI), stirring machines, and even using stored energy from compressed air or liquid nitrogen.
New materials that can replace the steel car body include duralumin, fiberglass, carbon fiber, biocomposites, and carbon nanotubes. Telematics technology allows more people to share cars, with a pay-as-you-go system, through car sharing and carpool schemes. Communication is also evolving due to the connected car system.
Autonomous car
The fully autonomous vehicle, also known as a driverless car, is already in the prototype (like a car without a Google driver), and is expected to be commercially available around 2020. According to urban and futurist designer Michael E. Arth, a driverless electric vehicle - the increasing use of virtual reality for work, travel, and pleasure - can reduce 800 million vehicles in the world into fractions of that number in decades. It would be possible if almost all private cars that require drivers, which are not in use and parked 90% of the time, will be traded for publicly-used self-driving taxis. It will also be possible to get a suitable vehicle for a particular need - the bus can come for a group of people, a limousine can come for a special night out, and Segway can come for a short trip down the road for one person. Children can be escorted under supervised security, DUI no longer exists, and 41,000 lives can be saved annually in the US alone.
Open source development
There are several projects aimed at developing automobiles on open design principles, an approach to designing where plans for machines and systems are shared openly, often without monetary compensation. The projects include OScar, Riversimple (via 40fires.org) and c, mm, n. None of the projects have achieved significant success in terms of developing the car as a whole both from a hardware and software perspective and no mass production of ready open source-based designs have been introduced by the end of 2009. Some automobile hacking via on-board diagnostics (OBD ) has been done so far.
Car sharing
Car-share and carpooling settings are also increasingly popular, in the US and Europe. For example, in the US, some car sharing services have experienced double-digit growth in revenue and membership growth between 2006 and 2007. Services such as car sharing are offering residents to "share" vehicles rather than owning cars in already crowded environments.
Industry
The automotive industry designs, develops, manufactures, markets, and sells motor vehicles worldwide. In 2008, more than 70 million motor vehicles, including cars and commercial vehicles, were produced worldwide.
In 2007, a total of 71.9 million new cars were sold worldwide: 22.9 million in Europe, 21.4 million in the Asia-Pacific Region, 19.4 million in the US and Canada, 4.4 million in Latin America, 2.4 million in the Middle East and 1.4 million in Africa. Markets in North America and Japan are stagnant, while markets in South America and other parts of Asia are growing strong. From major markets, China, Russia, Brazil, and India are experiencing the fastest growth.
Approximately 250 million vehicles are used in the United States. Worldwide, there were about 806 million cars and light trucks on the road in 2007; they burned more than 260 billion gallons of US (980,000,000m 3 ) of gasoline and diesel every year. The numbers are increasing rapidly, especially in China and India. In the opinion of some, urban transport systems based around cars have proven unsustainable, consuming excessive energy, affecting the health of the population, and delivering declining service levels despite increased investment. Much of this negative impact falls disproportionately on social groups that also have least and drive cars. The ongoing transport movement focuses on the solution to this problem.
In 2008, with the rapid rise in oil prices, industries such as the automotive industry, experienced a combination of price pressures from raw material costs and changes in consumer buying habits. The industry is also facing increasing external competition from the public transportation sector, as consumers re-evaluate the use of their private vehicles. About half of the fifty-one US light-vehicle factories are projected to be permanent caps in the coming years, with the loss of 200,000 other jobs in the sector, above 560,000 jobs lost in the decade. Combined with strong growth in China, in 2009, this resulted in China becoming the largest producer and car market in the world. China's 2009 sales have increased to 13.6 million, a significant increase from one million domestic car sales in 2000. Since then, even in China and other BRIC countries, automotive production has fallen back.
Alternative
Alternatives that have been established for some aspects of car use include public transports such as buses, trolleybuses, trains, subway, tram railways, biking, and on foot. Bicycle-sharing systems have been tried in several European cities, including Copenhagen and Amsterdam. Similar programs have been tested in a number of US cities. Additional personal transport modes, such as a private quick transit, can serve as an alternative to cars if they are socially proven.
Other meanings
Previous motorcar terms have also been used in the context of electric rail systems to show cars that function as small locomotives but also provide space for passengers and luggage. These locomotive cars are often used on suburban routes by inter-city and inter-city rail systems.
See also
References
Further reading
- Halberstam, David (1986). The Reckoning . New York: Morrow. ISBN 0-688-04838-2. Kay's
- Asphalt nationÃ,: how cars take over America, and how we can retrieve it . New York: Crown. ISBN: 0-517-58702-5. Ã,
- Williams, Heathcote (1991). Autogeddon . New York: Arcade. ISBN: 1-55970-176-5.
- Sachs, Wolfgang (1992). Because car love: look back to the history of our wishes . Berkeley: University of California Press. ISBN: 0-520-06878-5.
External links
- FÃÆ' Â © dÃÆ' Â © ration Internationale de l'Automobile
- Forums for Cars and Communities
Source of the article : Wikipedia
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