Family support is family support with members with disabilities, which may include children, adults or even parents in the family. In the United States, family support includes "unpaid" or "unofficial" support by neighbors, family and friends, "paid services" through specialist agents providing services called "family support services", schools or parent services for the needs special such as tough care, special child care or colleagues, or cash subsidies, tax cuts or other financial subsidies. Family support has been extended to different population groups in the US and around the world. Current family support services are the flow of "community and funding services" in New York and the US that have variable "enforcement" based on disability groups, administrative bodies, and even legislative ordinances and goals.
Video Family support
Histori
The late 1970s and early 1980s were regarded as a crucial time for the development of tough services and family support, especially through the demands and initiatives of parents of children with disabilities. This initiative took place throughout the United States along with the formation of a group of activist parents in the 1970s, for example, in the state of New Hampshire. The child's upbringing, which involves "surrogate care" of the birth family, preceded by this parent organization nationally and together with the home group, is considered the primary form of public housing services in the US. However, in the 1990s, family support has been an established service that is regularly reported in the areas of intellectual disability and development, and part of the US and local service system in the US. Family support services are considered as one of the better ways to support their families and children, including "building natural support" and encouraging the integration of children in the community.
Family models and services
In the early 1980s, countries such as New York had established programs and institutions of family support, the Office of Mental Retardation and Disabled Persons in New York, and a nationally identified "model program" that served children and their families in the community ( for example, MacComb -Okland, Michigan, Dane, LaCrosse, and Columbia County, Wisconsin). New models of family support services are initiated, including professional models involving both traditional breaks for families (ie, the opportunity to break from the stress of caring for children with "special needs") and individual recreational opportunities in generic institutions/sites for boys or women (versus traditional child care/nannies). Professional parents seek to have available resting places in group homes (eg, home friends), to develop small group clearance arrangements, to organize parent-to-parent groups and meetings, to form councils, and have cash subsidies to meet additional costs for raising "disabled children" (eg, Extraordinary Family Resources, Syracuse, New York, 1985). In 1983, the State of New York funded three large demonstration grants and then Governor Mario Cuomo and his wife Matilda held their first Family Support Conference in Albany, New York. The State of New York indeed in 1988 reported $ 16,536,000 in a separate family support initiative that did not include a demonstration of a new subsidized family/cash fund later in 1989-1990 in the state. or agency cash subsidy included as part of a family support demonstration program (eg, recreation/resilience at generic institutions). In the arena of public policy, toughness is often explored in the context of parenting for children with disabilities, and the additional cost of raising children with disabilities is very important in low-income families.
Promotions on behalf of the family
In 1985, Syracuse University Center on Human Policy was awarded the Community Integration Project for three years from the Federal Government (National Institute for Research and Disability Rehabilitation) to work with countries and communities in the US. This project, based on a national search conducted by the Wisconsin Developmental Disabilities Council , identifies state fund subsidy programs in 21 states in the US. The project, in conjunction with the new National Center on Community Integration, provides information on family support for distribution, including newsletters of family support based on project research studies, an article on cases for family support for families, bibliographic references, innovative institutions and organizations, and introduction to family support issues, such as family-centered support, individual and flexible support, family empowerment, use of natural support, community support, and permanence.
Maps Family support
Theoretical basis
Family support is partly based on family-related theory, especially family system theory, ecological theory and support, community support theory, life span and life theory, family psychosocial theory, family empowerment theory, and positivistic theory, such as sociology. reception. In relation to services, basic policy concepts have included familial, capacity-based services, empowerment and participatory decision making, individual (and appropriate) services, among others. Between the 1970s and 1990s, family support was developed in the context of community integration, building a quarter-century job on the physical and social integration of their families and children. This differs from other family support models developed in the context of employment programs, housing programs, nutrition, transportation, health care, or urban emergency programs. These include: West Hawaii Family Support Services (including community and economic development activities), Amarillo Family Support Services (including employee assistance and family therapy), Family Support Services from Southeastern Pennsylvania (eg child welfare and early intervention), Municipal Family Services and Chicago support (eg, domestic violence, senior service). (short web review, 2011).
Growth in the US
In the 1990s, family support has gained immense popularity in the area of ​​intellectual disability, especially since 80-90% of children with disabilities continue to live with their families even to this day. However, the Human Services Research Institute determined that only 1.5% of the state budget for developmental disability services was used to support this family in 1990. In 2006, family support expenditures were reported to be $ 2,305,149,428 in the US, however, in FY 2006 , leaving only 5% of total intellectual and development spending of $ 43.84 billion. In the US, the cost of "family care" in intellectual disability and development has been studied, including direct family financed costs, indirect costs and opportunities, and indirect psychological costs.
However, in related fields, family support is still often considered "unpaid", "voluntary support" by family members, family-to-family training programs, self-help groups, often close to family interventions by professionals (eg, behavioral training , clinical judgment, vocational training, family therapy, re-entry of the clinical community) in traumatic brain injury. and in adult mental health. In children's mental health, family support and advocacy organizations are seen increasingly on the system and policy level, with the establishment of the Family Federation for Mental Health in the late 1980s and the National Alliance's reform of Mental Illness, a powerful parent organization from the late 1970s, (see, also Wikipedia). Current family support services are seen as important for families with individuals with multiple disabilities (eg, motor-neuron disease, AIDS, epilepsy, cerebral palsy, autism) with a greater emphasis on choice in support services (eg counseling, training and information , tough).
As a parent-professional field
Because family support would be perceived as a parent-professional field, the study study documented various disabilities (eg, epilepsy, sickle cell anemia, hearing/vision, spina bifida, cancer, learning disability), household income, level of assistance by daily life activities, behavior and medical needs, insurance coverage, daily routine, disability impacts on households, services for special needs, and so on. The field was then challenged in the 1990s to broaden the approach to families, including gender-sensitive population groups in the city, rural areas of the country, "whatever its approach", and an over-professional approach to people's homes. This is followed by national research studies on organizations that support families in the community and those who support disabled adults to live in their own homes, two major national and international comprehensive reform efforts in people's lives. Baltimore, MD: Paul H. Brookes. In addition, current government policies seem to continue to encourage adults with disabilities to stay home with parents or carers (2011); thus, family support funds are usually aimed at families with children and home-grown adults, including those in families with elderly parents. However, family support is also an integral part of adoptive and adoptive families and can take the form of housekeepers or home help, equipment provision, resilience and home adaptation, and sharing treatment options between birth and foster parents/family.
As a parenting model
In parallel to the parent-professional partnership of the 1980s and 1990s, the Oregon Research Institute published a book on Support for family care . This book includes a progressive professional attitude on family pressure and support (for criticism, see Racino & Heumann, in children as "burden"), a value-based service based on a Center on Human Policy statement to support children and their families ( 1987), parent roles in quality services, coping skills (often handled by behavioral or skill training), human development and informal support, and family life cycles, including infants and early interventions, school-aged children (school programs), transition to the adult (and supported work), and family ecobehavioral/clinical treatment (stronger in areas such as mental health), among others. Family support and aging, a major concern in the 2000s due to the aging population in the US, was also the focus of service reforms in the 1990s. For example, 700,000 people with developmental disabilities live with one or more parents over the age of 65 years.
As a community service model
When US deinstitutionalization policies move towards community service development, community parents are also becoming more interested in "out-of-home placements" (eg, small group homes) of their children (eg children who move from their parents' homes and early adult life). This approach is internationally valued as one way to gain adult adult status, especially in Western countries. In states such as New York and Connecticut, this results in tensions between competing "institutions" and "community parents" for limited public funds, and between providers for funding (eg, state and private institutions, nonprofit sectors). However, as countries begin closing institutions, funding is often available primarily to relocate people living in institutional care or those at risk of institutionalizing (eg, home and neglect of community-based Medicaid, HCBS). For example, "15 countries finance 90% or more of their family support services with Medicaid HCBS; 11 states finance their family support activities through state funding.For family support is recommended for children, options such as foster care (new models for adults and children) often include family support services, families on the waiting list offered family support services, and a wider variety of services developed in different states (eg, Wisconsin service menus).
New and traditional population groups
In the 2000s, the "new population group" in family support, as part of the family support theories in the US and around the world, included:
- multicultural and transnational families,
- families belonging to gay, lesbian, transsexual or bisexual members,
- disabled youth,
- an aging population in the US,
- teens in mental health,
- families with members with brain injury, and
- parents with intellectual and other disabilities, among others.
Teen mother and single parent family
Traditional groups known to be at risk for adolescent mothers are sometimes involved in social support and adolescent theory, as part of teenage pregnancy and maternal research. Families at risk in intellectual disabilities may also be single mothers and early recommendations for additional support options such as climbing into family cars, modifying apartment programs to allow children, and improving family support services in private homes. Critical are personal and family values, family empowerment and home visitors, parent-child activities, and cluster groups (eg environmental improvement, natural childbirth groups, toddler groups, team support), among others (eg Cochran, et al., 1984).
Multicultural and transnational families
In addition, the needs of multicultural families, based on US demographic changes, have also resulted in greater attention to major minority groups, including African-Americans, Asian Americans, Native American Indians, and Hispanic/Latin American. The original approach involving services to Native Americans about reservations (often poverty) or as "assimilation into a white society" is different from the approach involving the integration of "diverse population" (eg, Asian Americans) housing in mixed-income housing in cities small. Today (2012), American Indians, for example, own and operate casino gambling in the US and earn funds for their own social services. In addition, new transnational families, perhaps separated from their families by international migration, are part of a new family's face in the US as well as gay, lesbian, bisexual, and transgender populations.
Youth with disabilities
Young people with disabilities became the "age group" that emerged in the late 1980s and 1990s because the (often parent-based) family approaches competed with more approaches based on the wishes of youth with disabilities. For example, a personalized support approach based on diverse lifestyles and hiring helpers by service users becomes a popular way to think about services. In addition, major federal initiatives in transitional planning in the United States result in a variety of approaches to move from child-centered to adult services, partly based on adolescent developmental theories. Today, self-advocacy has grown all over the world and young people, in particular, have sought their own voice and future.
The aging population
The demographic changes of aging in the US have been well documented in various fields with the people who face the need to change the nation's Social Security system. The latter can no longer, as developed in the Depression Era, financially support an aging population growth that exceeds the younger generation who pay into the system. For example, "between 2010 and 2030, the number of people aged 65 and older is projected to increase by 76%, while the number of workers who support the system is projected to increase by 8%." The elderly population also lives longer, is expected to have a marked improvement in people living above the age of 80, which involves increased "disabilities" such as dementia (eg, Public Broadcasting, 2011), affecting social security disability benefits, as well as adult discovery older with a lifelong disability in a two-generation family that "lives in the community".
Youth, children and adults in mental health
Instead of family support in the mental health field, parent organizations have established independent state and national chapters on their children (eg, National Alliance for Sick People). In addition, community agencies often develop parents education programs (which remain as government funded programs in the US), and family therapists and counselors (often in private practice) tend to work with the whole family. Personal aids and independent living approaches tend to start with the wants and desires of youth or adults, and less often, children; this approach in mental health is still relatively uncommon although the psychosocial approach has some similarities. While housing support and support and jobs have been transferred across areas, greater reluctance exists in the field of mental health for "family support" (often beginning with parental concerns) that often charge parents as recipients of secondary services.
In psychiatric rehabilitation, "the family is the primary source of impact on rehabilitation outcomes" (family as allies) with 50-60% returning from hospitals in the US (Anthony, et al., 2002, p.a, 185). Extended families are seen as important worldwide, and many approaches are categorized as "family management" (eg, information, care, family management), family intervention or "psychoeducation" (Ibid, 2002). However, a leading national research center in the US examines the state service system and recommends family prevention and support for children in mental health and their families. "Reasonable ecological models" that are expected to improve or "mediate the outcome of children and parents" are often the first targets in difficult economic times; The "complete family support movement" of community-based organizations was reported in 1992 as "striving to operate a new set of services and a new way of doing business with family".
Parents with intellectual disabilities
In the 2000s, internationally, the support of parents who themselves had intellectual disabilities moved to new excellence with extensive research, multi-decade after initial programs and studies in the US in the early 1980s and 1990s. In addition, traditional parental training programs move to community development and physically disabled parents/parents also clearly advocate a better lifestyle for themselves and their children, including as part of the US National Resource Center for Parents people with disabilities. (April 1998). Through the Looking Glass is managed a 5-year center on behalf of "8 million American families where one or both parents have a disability."
Family with members with brain injury
By 2015, partly due to the Iraq and Afghanistan wars, veterans return home with head and brain injuries, and then return from hospital and rehabilitation to couples and families. The general may be a reference to support groups for couples or caregivers who may experience "nanny stress" and "care burden", resulting from inadequate community services at home and for the family. In addition, brain or head injury can be caused by vehicle accidents, sports injuries, falls or accidents, wars and terrorism, and related medical conditions (eg, brain tumors, strokes). Family support in this area often refers to support groups or direct support from families and neighbors to individuals with brain injury, or rehabilitation programs or hospitals as family support.
US policy goals
In National Goals and Research for People with Intellectual Disabilities and Development, family support and family life throughout life are considered to be one of the main goals of a broad working group of leaders in the field (eg Ann Turnbull, Rud Turnbull, John Agosta , Elizabeth Erwin, Glenn Fujuira, George Singer, and Leslie Sodak, among others). The main objectives are: To support parenting and improve the quality of life of all families so that the family will remain the core unit of American society. The five sub-destinations include: Objective A: To ensure family-professional partnerships in research, policy-making, and planning and delivery of support and services so that families control their own fate while keeping in mind the autonomy of adult disability family members to take control of their own lives.
Such efforts are crucial because the US is often criticized for lack of coherent family policies for everyone (eg, health care, housing, employment, recreation, community and economic development).
International
Family support is indeed an international initiative with the 1994 International Year of Families as proclaimed by the United Nations. Helle Mittler, from the UK, reports on the TASK Power of the International League for People with Mental Handicap highlighting Face to Face in the UK, Comprehensive Program of Young Muslim Women's Association in Jordan, Brokerage Services in Canada, Swasahaya Sumachaya, Mysore, and the Association of Parents Karnataka in India, Market Support Group at CÃÆ'Â'te d'Ivoire, Africa, Brothers and Sisters Group in Nicaragua and India, Father's group in the UK, and Parents and Professional Learning Together in Bangladesh and Pakistan.
In 2012, the international community is on the quality of life for individuals and families, family support is long-term service and support (LTSS) in the community and new chapters, "Family theory, family support and family studies" will be released in 2014.
Family Resources and Family Support
- Beach Center for Families and Disabilities
- Center for Human Policy, Syracuse University
- Human Services Research Institute, Oregon and Massachusetts
- Administration of Children and Family, Washington, DC
- Chapter Arc-US and local
- Outstanding Family Resources, Syracuse, New York
- National Institute for Disability Rehabilitation Research (NIDRR), US Department of Education
- PACER, Minnesota State, Parents of Children with Emotional and Behavioral Requirements
- Cerebral Palsy-US and Local Chapter
- Urie Bronfenbrenner Translation Center, Cornell University
- New York State Association for Community Shelter Administrator, Family Support Program
- Portland, Oregon Research Center on Children with Emotional and Behavioral Requirements
- Early Intervention Program, NYS Public Health Department
- Center for Environment, Family, and Community
- Community and Policy Studies, Family courses, http://communityandpolicystudies.blogspot.com
- Network of Rehabilitation Research and Training Centers
- State Center of Excellence in Disability
- American Association on Intellectual Disabilities and Developments
- Network of Parent Training Centers, USA
- Parent Network about Disabilities
- Family Alliance of Children's Families with Mental Illness
- Psychiatric Life Victims and Independent Living Network
- Through the Looking Glass
- National Council for Disability
References
Source of the article : Wikipedia
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