Journalistic ethics and standards consist of good ethical and practice principles that apply to the specific challenges faced by journalists. Part of this media ethic is widely known by journalists as their professional "code of ethics" or "journalistic canon". Basic and canon codes usually appear in statements compiled by professional journalism associations and print, broadcast, and online news organizations.
While the various codes have some differences, most common elements include principles of truth, accuracy, objectivity, impartiality, fairness, and public accountability, as this applies to the acquisition of information that is eligible for publication and dissemination to the public.
Like many broader ethical systems, journalism ethics incorporates the principle of "hazard restrictions". This often involves cutting certain details of a report such as a child's name, the name or information of a crime victim that is not materially related to a particular news release that may, for example, jeopardize a person's reputation.
Some of the journalistic code of ethics, especially the European code of ethics, also includes attention to discriminatory references in news based on race, religion, sexual orientation, and physical or mental disability. The Council of Parliament The European Council approved in 1993 Resolution 1003 on Journalism Ethics, which recommended that journalists respect the presumption of innocence, especially in sub-judicial cases.
Video Journalism ethics and standards
Evolution and purpose of journalism code
The principle of a journalistic code of ethics is designed as a guide through difficulties, such as conflicts of interest, to assist journalists in the face of ethical dilemmas. Codes and canons give journalists a framework for self-monitoring and self-correction. Journalism is guided by five important values. The first is honesty: a journalist should not fabricate news or share news that gives the wrong impression. The second is independence: a journalist should avoid topics that interest them. Third is justice: a journalist should not tell the truth if it is with bad intentions. The fourth is productivity: a journalist must work hard to try to gather all the facts. The last value is pride: a journalist should be able to accept all credit for their work, good or bad.
Maps Journalism ethics and standards
Code of practice
While journalists in the United States and European countries have led the formulation and adoption of these standards, such codes can be found in news organizations in most countries with press freedom. The written codes and practical standards vary from country to country and organization to organization, but there is a substantial overlap between public and public publications. The International Journalist Federation (IFJ) launched its Global Ethical Journalism Initiative in 2008 aimed at strengthening awareness of these issues within professional bodies. In 2013, Ethical Journalism Network was established by former IFJ Secretary General Aidan White. Coalition of international and regional media associations and campaign campaigning support groups for ethics, good governance and self-regulation across all media platforms.
One of the foremost voices in the US on the issue of journalistic and ethical standards is the Society of Professional Journalists. Opening for the Code of Ethics states:
... public enlightenment is the embryo of justice and the foundation of democracy. The job of journalists is to continue these goals by seeking the truth and reporting on events and issues that are fair and comprehensive. The careful journalists of all media and specialties strive to serve the public with thoroughness and honesty. Professional integrity is the cornerstone of a journalist's credibility.
Radio Television Digital News Association, an organization exclusively centered on electronic journalism, maintains a code of ethics centered on public trust, truth, justice, integrity, independence, and accountability.
General elements
The main themes that are common to most of the standard codes and journalistic ethics are as follows.
Accuracy and standard for factual reporting
- Journalists are expected to be as accurate as possible given the time available for the preparation of the story and the space available and to seek a reliable source.
- Events with one eyewitness are reported with attribution. Events with two or more independent eyewitnesses can be reported as facts. Controversial facts are reported with attribution.
- Independent fact-checking by other employees of the publishers is desirable.
- Corrections are issued when errors are found.
- The defendant in court is treated only for "allegedly" committing a crime, until a conviction, when their crime is generally reported as fact (unless, there is, there is serious controversy about false beliefs).
- The opinion survey and statistical information are entitled to special treatment to communicate precisely any conclusions, to contextualize the results, and to determine the accuracy, including estimation errors and methodological criticisms or weaknesses.
Defamation and defamation
- Reporting the truth is almost never defamatory, which makes accuracy very important.
- Individuals have privacy rights that must be balanced with the public interest in reporting information about them. Public figures have fewer privacy rights in US law, where journalists are immune from civil cases if they report without hate. In Canada, there is no such immunity; reports on public figures should be supported by facts.
- Publishers vigorously defend lawsuits against copyright filed against their journalists, usually covered by libel insurance.
The limit limiting principle
During regular assignments, a reporter may collect facts and details, conduct interviews, conduct background research and checks, take photos, and record video and sound. Harm restrictions deal with the question of whether everything learned should be reported and, if so, how. This principle of limitation means that some weights need to be given to the negative consequences of full disclosure, creating practical and ethical dilemmas. The Code of Ethics Society of Professional Journalists offers the following suggestions, which represent the practical ideas of most professional journalists. Direct quote:
- Show affection for those who might be negatively affected by news coverage. Use special sensitivity when dealing with children and inexperienced sources or subjects.
- Be sensitive when looking for or using interviews or photos of people affected by tragedy or grief.
- Recognize that information gathering and reporting may cause harm or inconvenience. Pursuing news is not a license for arrogance.
- Recognize that private persons have a greater right to control information about themselves rather than public officials and others seeking power, influence or attention. Only excessive public needs can justify intrusion into anyone's privacy.
- Show good taste. Avoid pandering to spooky curiosity.
- Be careful in identifying teen criminals or victims of sex crimes.
- Be wise about naming a criminal suspect before filing a formal suit.
- The fair trial judgment rights with the public right to be notified.
Self-settings
In addition to codes of ethics, many news organizations maintain ombudsmen within companies whose role, in part, is to keep news organizations honest and accountable to the public. The Ombudsman is intended to mediate conflicts stemming from internal or external pressure, to maintain public accountability for reported news, to foster self-criticism, and to encourage compliance with codified and unmodified ethics and standards. This position may be the same or similar to a public editor, though the public editor also acts as a liaison with the reader and is generally not a member of the Ombudsman News Organization.
The alternative is a news board, self-regulatory body throughout the industry, such as the Press Grievance Commission, set up by British newspapers and magazines. Such bodies are able to apply fairly consistent standards and handle higher complaints volumes but may not escape criticism for not teeth.
Ethics and standards in practice
One of the most controversial issues in modern reporting is media bias, especially on political issues, but also with cultural and other issues. Sensationalism is also a common complaint. Minor factual errors are also very common, because almost everyone who is familiar with the subject of a particular report will soon realize.
There are also some wider concerns, as the media is constantly changing, for example, that the short news report and voice usage have reduced adherence to the truth, and can contribute to the lack of context needed for public understanding. From outside the profession, the emergence of news management contributes to the real possibility that news media can be deliberately manipulated. Selective reporting (spiking, double standards) is often blamed on newspapers, and by their very nature are forms of bias that are not easily formed, or maintained.
This section does not address specific issues, but practical obedience issues, as well as the differences between professional journalists on principles.
Standard and reputation
Among the leading news organizations who volunteer to adopt and attempt to uphold the journalistic ethics standards outlined here, compliance and general quality vary widely. The professionalism, reliability, and public accountability of news organizations are three of its most valuable assets. An organization produces and maintains a strong reputation partially through the application of consistent ethical standards, which affect its position with the public and in the industry.
Genesis, ethics, and standards Civil journalism adopts a modified approach to objectivity; rather than being an uninvolved audience, the press is active in facilitating and encouraging public debate and examining claims and issues critically. This does not necessarily mean advocating a particular party or political position.
Creative nonfiction and literary journalism use the power of language and literary devices that are more akin to fiction to bring insight and depth into the frequent book treatments of the subject they write. Such devices as dialogue, metaphors, irregularities and other such techniques offer readers insights that are not usually found in standard news reports. However, the authors in this branch of journalism still maintain ethical criteria such as factual and historical accuracy as found in standard news reporting. They are adventuring beyond standard news reporting limits in offering very detailed accounts. One of the most widely known writers in this genre is Joyce Carol Oates, just like her book about boxer Mike Tyson.
Investigative journalism often takes an implicit view of certain public interests, by asking sharp questions and intently investigating certain questions. With outlets declared to be neutral in political issues, implied positioning is often uncontroversial - for example, political corruption or child abuse is wrong and offenders should be exposed and punished, that government money should be spent efficiently, or that public health or workers or veterans must be protected. Advocacy journalists often use investigative journalism to support certain political positions, or to disclose facts relating only to those with certain political opinions. Regardless of whether or not it's done for a particular political faction, this genre usually places a strong emphasis on factual accuracy, because the point of deep investigation of a problem is to expose the facts that spur change. Not all investigations seek to disclose facts about a particular problem; some data-based reporting performs in-depth analysis and presents interesting results for public affirmation of audiences that may be interpreted in different ways or that may contain many facts relating to many different potential problems. A factual-limited inquiry with an implied view of the public interest can also find that the system under investigation works well.
New Journalism and Gonzo journalism also reject some of the fundamental ethical traditions and will override the technical standards of journalistic prose to express themselves and reach out to specific audiences or market segments. It supports a subjective perspective and emphasizes an in-depth experience on objective facts.
Tabloid journalists are often accused of sacrificing the accuracy and personal privacy of their subjects to increase sales. International News phone hacking scandal 2011 is an example of this. The supermarket tabloids often focus on entertainment rather than news. Some have an outrageous "news" story that is widely read for entertainment purposes, not for information. Some tabloids do tend to maintain general journalistic standards but may fail in practice. Others do not make such claims.
Some publications are deliberately involved in satire, but provide publication of newspaper design elements, for example, Red Onion , and it's unheard of for other publications to offer an occasional funny article that appeared in April. Day Fool.
Relationship with press freedom
In countries without press freedom, the majority of people reporting news may not follow the journalism standards outlined above. Non-free media is often prohibited from criticizing national governments, and in many cases it is necessary to distribute propaganda as if it were news. Other forms of censorship may limit the reporting of issues considered sensitive by the government. In the United States, press freedom is protected by the First Amendment in the Bill of Rights. Under the First Amendment, the government is not allowed to censor the press. The government has no right to try to control what is published and can not prevent certain things from being published by the press. The previous obstacle was the term used to describe an attempt by the government to prevent the expression of an idea before it was published. Some countries that have press freedom are the US, Canada, Western Europe and Scandinavia, Australia, New Zealand, Japan, Taiwan and some countries in South America.
Accuracy is important as a core value and to maintain credibility, but especially in broadcast media, audience share is often attracted to the booth that reports the new information first. Different organizations can balance speed and accuracy in different ways. The New York Times , for example, tends to print longer, more detailed, less speculative, and more thoroughly verified one or two days later than many other newspapers. The 24-hour television news network tends to put more emphasis on getting a "spoon". Here, viewers can switch channels on the spot; with fierce competition for judgment and a large amount of airtime to fill, fresh material is invaluable. Due to rapid reversals, reporters for these networks may be under considerable time pressure, which reduces their ability to verify information.
Laws relating to personal privacy, official secrets, and media disclosure in the name and facts of criminal cases and civil lawsuits are widely different, and journalistic standards may vary. Different organizations may have different answers to questions about when journalists can be accepted to swing, avoid, or even violate this rule. Another example of the differences surrounding harm reduction is the reporting of the results of the initial election. In the United States, some news organizations feel that it is dangerous for the democratic process to report outgoing poll results or preliminary results while voting is still open. Such reports may affect future voters, or those in the western time zone, in their decisions about how and whether or not to vote. There are also some concerns that such preliminary results are often inaccurate and may mislead the public. Other booths feel that this information is an important part of the transparency of the electoral process, and does not see the danger (if not many benefits) in reporting it.
Objectivity as a journalistic standard varies to some degree depending on industry and country. For example, the government-funded BBC in the United Kingdom places a strong emphasis on political neutrality, but British newspapers are more likely to adopt political affiliations or trends in coverage and audience, sometimes explicitly. In the United States, major newspapers usually explicitly claim objectivity as a goal in news coverage, although most have separate editorial boards that certify specific candidates and publish opinions on specific issues. Obedience to the standards of objectivity claimed is the subject of constant debate. For example, the major national cable news channel in the United States claims political objectivity but for various levels, Fox News has been accused of conservative bias and MSNBC is accused of being liberal biased. The extent to which this influence affects fact-taking, factual accuracy, the dominance of non-news opinions and commentators, audience opinions on issues and candidates, visual compositions, tone and vocabulary of the story are debated.
News values ​​are generally used to choose stories for print, broadcast, blog, and web portals, including those that focus on a particular topic. For a large degree, news value depends on the target audience. For example, a small story in the United States is more likely to appear on CNN than a small story in the Middle East that might be more likely to appear in Al Jazeera simply because of the geographic distribution of their respective audiences. It is a matter of debate whether this means that both networks are less than objective, and controversy is even more complicated when considering the coverage of political stories for different audiences that have different political demographics (such as with Fox News vs. MSNBC).
Some digital media platforms can use criteria to choose a story different from traditional news value. For example, while the Google News portal basically selects stories based on news value (though indirectly, through the choice of a large number of independent outlets), users can set Google Alerts on certain terms that define personal subjective interests. Search engines, news aggregators, and social networking feeds sometimes change the presentation of content depending on the preference or declination that consumers declare or infer. It has been greeted with delight over traditional "gatekeepers" and any biases they may have in favor of audience-centric selection criteria, but is criticized as creating a dangerous filter bubble that intentionally or unintentionally hides disagreeing opinions and other possible content it is important for the audience to look to avoid exposure bias and groupthink.
Sense, courtesy, and acceptance
Audiences have different reactions to depictions of violence, nudity, harsh language, or people in other situations that are unacceptable or stigmatized by local culture or law (such as alcohol consumption, homosexuality, illegal drug use, scattered images, etc..). Even with a similar audience, different organizations and even individual journalists have different standards and practices. These decisions often revolve around what facts the audience needs to know.
When certain unpleasant or surprising materials are considered important for the story, there are various common methods to reduce negative audience reactions. Warning in advance of explicit or disturbing material allows listeners or readers to avoid content they do not want to discuss. Offensive words may be partially obscured or silenced. Images that may be offensive may be blurred or cut slightly. Description can be overridden for images; graphic detail may be omitted. Disruptive content may be moved from the cover to the inner pages, or from noon until late at night when children tend to watch.
There is often controversy about these techniques, especially concerns that obscure or not reporting facts or specific details are self-censorships that sacrifice objectivity and loyalty to the truth, and which do not serve the public interest.
For example, graphic images and descriptions of war are often violent, bloody, shocking, and very tragic. This makes certain content annoying some members of the audience, but rather the aspect of war that some people perceive as the most important to deliver. Some argue that "cleansing" war portrayals affect public opinion about the benefits of continuing war, and about policies or circumstances that trigger conflict. The number of explicit violence and mutilations described in war coverage varies over time, from organization to organization, and from one country to another.
Journalists are also accused of being indecent in the process of collecting news, that is that they are too disturbing in the name of journalistic incompetence. War correspondent Edward Behr tells the story of a reporter during the Congolese Crisis who walked into a crowd of Belgian refugees and shouted, "Anyone here has been raped and speaks English?"
Campaigning on media
Many print publications take advantage of their wide readers and print persuasive works in unsigned editorial form representing the official position of the organization. Despite the apparent separation between editorial writing and news gathering, this practice may cause some people to doubt the political objectivity of publication reporting. (Though usually an unsigned editorial is accompanied by diverse opinions signed from another perspective.)
Other publications and many broadcast media only publish pieces of opinion associated with a particular individual (who may be an in-house analyst) or an external entity. One very controversial question is whether media organizations should support political candidates for positions. Political support creates more opportunities to interpret favoritism in reporting, and can lead to conflicts of interest.
Investigation Method
Journalism investigation is largely an information-gathering exercise, searching for facts that are not easily obtained by simple search and search, or actively hidden, suppressed or distorted. Where investigative work involves undercover journalism or the use of whistleblowers, and even more so if he uses secret methods that are more typical of private detectives or even spying, it carries a substantial additional burden on ethical standards.
Two-edged anonymous sources - they often provide highly publicized information, such as confidential or confidential information about current events, information about previously unreported scandals, or perspectives of certain groups who may be afraid of retribution for expressing certain opinions in the media.. The disadvantage is that the condition of anonymity can make it difficult or impossible for the reporter to verify the source statement. Sometimes news sources hide their identities from the public because their statements would otherwise be discredited. Thus, statements associated with anonymous sources can bring more burden to the public than if they were attributed.
The Washington press has been criticized in recent years because of the excessive use of anonymous sources, particularly to report information that was later revealed to be unreliable. The use of anonymous sources increased sharply in the period before the 2003 Iraq invasion.
Examples of ethical dilemmas
One of the main functions of journalistic ethics is to assist journalists in the face of the many ethical dilemmas they may face. From sensitive national security issues to daily inquiries such as receiving a dinner from a source, sticking bumper stickers in someone's car, publishing blogs of personal opinion, a journalist must make decisions by considering things like the public's right to know, potential threats , retaliation and intimidation of all kinds, personal integrity, conflicts between editors, journalists and publishers or management, and many more such cons. Here is an illustration of some of them.
- The Pentagon Papers deals with ethical dilemmas that journalists find hard to deal with. Despite government intervention, The Washington Post, joining The New York Times, felt that public interest was more compelling and both published reports. (The cases were brought to the Supreme Court where they were merged and known as the New York Times Co. v. United States 403 U.S. 713.
- The Washington Post has also published a story about a hearing aid that the United States had installed through Soviet underwater cables during the height of the Cold War. The device allows the United States to study where Soviet submarines are positioned. In this case, Post-Executive Editor Ben Bradlee chose not to run the story of national security reasons. However, the Soviets later found the device and, according to Bradlee, "It is no longer a matter of national security, it is a matter of national shame." However, the US government still wants the Washington Post not to run the story on the basis of national security, but, according to Bradlee, "We ran stories and you know what, the sun rises the next day."
- The Center for International Media Ethics, an international non-profit organization "offers a platform for media professionals to follow the current ethical dilemmas of the press" through his blog. In addition to highlighting the ethical concerns of recent stories, journalists are encouraged to express their own opinions. Organizations "urged journalists to make their own judgments and identify their own strategies."
- The Ethics AdviceLine for Journalists, a joint venture, a public service project from the Chicago Headline Club Chapter of the Society of Professional Journalists and Loyola University's Chicago Center for Ethics and Social Justice, provide examples of typical ethical dilemmas reported in their ethical dilemmas hotline and typical types of questions faced by many professional journalists.
Partial list of questions received by The Ethics AdviceLine:
- Is it ethical to make an appointment to interview an arsoner wanted by the police, without informing the police before the interview?
- What is the absence of appropriate attributional plagiarism?
- Should a reporter write a story about a local priest claiming a sexual offense if it would harm readers of newspapers and advertisers sympathetic to the priest?
- Is it ethical for a reporter to write a news article about the same topic he has written an opinion in the same newspaper?
- Under what circumstances did you identify someone who was arrested as a relative of a public figure, like a local sports star?
- Freelance journalists and photographers receive cash to write about, or take photos, events with the promise of trying to get their work on APs or other news outlets, from which they will also be paid. Is it ethical?
- Can the reporter disclose the source of information after securing confidentiality if the source proves to be unreliable?
![Louise Mensch on Twitter:]()
src: pbs.twimg.com
Criticism
Jesse Owen Hearns-Branaman of the National Institute of Development Administration, Thailand, argues that journalism professionalism is a combination of two factors, secondary socialization of journalists in the workplace and the fetishization of norms and journalistic standards. In this way, undesirable traits in new journalists can be removed, and the remaining journalists are free to cynically criticize journalistic professional norms as long as they continue to work and follow them. This criticism is adapted from interviews of twenty political journalists from BBC News, Sky News, The Guardian, The New York Times, The Washington Post and MSNBC/NBC News, and from the ideology of Slavoj philosophers? I? Oak.
See also
- Citizen journalism
- Ethical Journalism Initiative
- Ethical Journalism Network
- History of the American Newspaper
- History of Journalism
- International Federation of Journalists
- New York Press Club
- Objectivity (journalism)
- Invisible Hand Order
- Ombudsman News Organization
- Parachute Journalism
- Reporters Without Borders
- Code of ethics in the media
- Code of ethics in the media # Society of Professional Journalists: Code of Ethics
- International Council for Press and Broadcasting
- International Council for Press and Broadcasting # Media Code of Conduct
References
Further reading
- The Ethics of Global Journalism. Ward, Stephen J.A. Montreal: McGill-Queen's University Press, 2010.
- Media Ethics Beyond the Border: A Global Perspective. Ward, Stephen J.A. and Herman Wasserman, eds. New York: Routledge, 2010.
- Discovery of the Ethics of Journalism: The Path to Objectivity and Deeper. Ward, Stephen J.A. Montreal: McGill-Queen's University Press, 2005.
- Good News, Bad News - Journalism and Public Interest (Critical Study in Communications and the Cultural Industry) by Jeremy Iggers (New York, Westview Press, 1998)
- Journalistic Ethics - Reference Handbook (Contemporary Ethical Issues) edited by Elliot D. Cohen and Deni Elliott (Abc-Clio, 1998)
- Media Ethics and Accountability progress.
- Crisis of Conscience - Perspectives on Journalism Ethics. Carl Hausman. New York, Harper Collins, 1992.
- Ethics & amp; Journalism, Sanders, Karen. London, Sage Publications, 2003.
- Saying YOUR TRUTH - Ethical Journalism Initiative by Aidan White (IFJ, 2008)
- The Ethical Value of Journalists. Field Research among Media Professionals in Catalonia. Alsius, Salvador, ed. (2010). Generalitat de Catalunya. ISBN: 978-84-393-8346-8
- Ethics and Culture Media: Practice and Representation, David Berry, Focal Press, 2000.
- Journalism, Ethics, and Society, David Berry, Ashgate Publications, 2008.
- Journalism and Regulatory Ethics (FT 3rd ed.) Frost, Chris London: Pearson Education 2011.
External links
- http://www.accountablejournalism.org
- Code of Ethics - Society of Professional Journalists (SPJ)
- Center for Journalistic Ethics
- CIME International Media Ethics Center
- Ethical Journalism Network
- Ethical Journalism Initiative A global campaign of the International Federation of Journalists
- Journalistic Standards and Practices from Canadian Broadcasting Corporation
- BBC Editorial Guidelines: code of ethics for content producers
- Databank for the European Journalism Code of Ethics
- Journalist Journalists Committee of Canada
- Publishers Association and Japanese Newspaper Editor "Canon of Journalism"
- Reviews Medialaw.com "Code of Ethics from Various Journalists' Union in Asia"
- Ethics Online Case Journalism
- Chart - Real and False News (2016)/Vanessa Otero (base) (Mark Frauenfelder)
- Chart - Real and False News (2014) (2016)/Research Center Pew
- The Four Estate - Principles, Practices and Practices of Core Journalism
Source of the article : Wikipedia
Accuracy is important as a core value and to maintain credibility, but especially in broadcast media, audience share is often attracted to the booth that reports the new information first. Different organizations can balance speed and accuracy in different ways. The New York Times , for example, tends to print longer, more detailed, less speculative, and more thoroughly verified one or two days later than many other newspapers. The 24-hour television news network tends to put more emphasis on getting a "spoon". Here, viewers can switch channels on the spot; with fierce competition for judgment and a large amount of airtime to fill, fresh material is invaluable. Due to rapid reversals, reporters for these networks may be under considerable time pressure, which reduces their ability to verify information.
Laws relating to personal privacy, official secrets, and media disclosure in the name and facts of criminal cases and civil lawsuits are widely different, and journalistic standards may vary. Different organizations may have different answers to questions about when journalists can be accepted to swing, avoid, or even violate this rule. Another example of the differences surrounding harm reduction is the reporting of the results of the initial election. In the United States, some news organizations feel that it is dangerous for the democratic process to report outgoing poll results or preliminary results while voting is still open. Such reports may affect future voters, or those in the western time zone, in their decisions about how and whether or not to vote. There are also some concerns that such preliminary results are often inaccurate and may mislead the public. Other booths feel that this information is an important part of the transparency of the electoral process, and does not see the danger (if not many benefits) in reporting it.
Objectivity as a journalistic standard varies to some degree depending on industry and country. For example, the government-funded BBC in the United Kingdom places a strong emphasis on political neutrality, but British newspapers are more likely to adopt political affiliations or trends in coverage and audience, sometimes explicitly. In the United States, major newspapers usually explicitly claim objectivity as a goal in news coverage, although most have separate editorial boards that certify specific candidates and publish opinions on specific issues. Obedience to the standards of objectivity claimed is the subject of constant debate. For example, the major national cable news channel in the United States claims political objectivity but for various levels, Fox News has been accused of conservative bias and MSNBC is accused of being liberal biased. The extent to which this influence affects fact-taking, factual accuracy, the dominance of non-news opinions and commentators, audience opinions on issues and candidates, visual compositions, tone and vocabulary of the story are debated.
News values ​​are generally used to choose stories for print, broadcast, blog, and web portals, including those that focus on a particular topic. For a large degree, news value depends on the target audience. For example, a small story in the United States is more likely to appear on CNN than a small story in the Middle East that might be more likely to appear in Al Jazeera simply because of the geographic distribution of their respective audiences. It is a matter of debate whether this means that both networks are less than objective, and controversy is even more complicated when considering the coverage of political stories for different audiences that have different political demographics (such as with Fox News vs. MSNBC).
Some digital media platforms can use criteria to choose a story different from traditional news value. For example, while the Google News portal basically selects stories based on news value (though indirectly, through the choice of a large number of independent outlets), users can set Google Alerts on certain terms that define personal subjective interests. Search engines, news aggregators, and social networking feeds sometimes change the presentation of content depending on the preference or declination that consumers declare or infer. It has been greeted with delight over traditional "gatekeepers" and any biases they may have in favor of audience-centric selection criteria, but is criticized as creating a dangerous filter bubble that intentionally or unintentionally hides disagreeing opinions and other possible content it is important for the audience to look to avoid exposure bias and groupthink.
Sense, courtesy, and acceptance
Audiences have different reactions to depictions of violence, nudity, harsh language, or people in other situations that are unacceptable or stigmatized by local culture or law (such as alcohol consumption, homosexuality, illegal drug use, scattered images, etc..). Even with a similar audience, different organizations and even individual journalists have different standards and practices. These decisions often revolve around what facts the audience needs to know.
When certain unpleasant or surprising materials are considered important for the story, there are various common methods to reduce negative audience reactions. Warning in advance of explicit or disturbing material allows listeners or readers to avoid content they do not want to discuss. Offensive words may be partially obscured or silenced. Images that may be offensive may be blurred or cut slightly. Description can be overridden for images; graphic detail may be omitted. Disruptive content may be moved from the cover to the inner pages, or from noon until late at night when children tend to watch.
There is often controversy about these techniques, especially concerns that obscure or not reporting facts or specific details are self-censorships that sacrifice objectivity and loyalty to the truth, and which do not serve the public interest.
For example, graphic images and descriptions of war are often violent, bloody, shocking, and very tragic. This makes certain content annoying some members of the audience, but rather the aspect of war that some people perceive as the most important to deliver. Some argue that "cleansing" war portrayals affect public opinion about the benefits of continuing war, and about policies or circumstances that trigger conflict. The number of explicit violence and mutilations described in war coverage varies over time, from organization to organization, and from one country to another.
Journalists are also accused of being indecent in the process of collecting news, that is that they are too disturbing in the name of journalistic incompetence. War correspondent Edward Behr tells the story of a reporter during the Congolese Crisis who walked into a crowd of Belgian refugees and shouted, "Anyone here has been raped and speaks English?"
Campaigning on media
Many print publications take advantage of their wide readers and print persuasive works in unsigned editorial form representing the official position of the organization. Despite the apparent separation between editorial writing and news gathering, this practice may cause some people to doubt the political objectivity of publication reporting. (Though usually an unsigned editorial is accompanied by diverse opinions signed from another perspective.)
Other publications and many broadcast media only publish pieces of opinion associated with a particular individual (who may be an in-house analyst) or an external entity. One very controversial question is whether media organizations should support political candidates for positions. Political support creates more opportunities to interpret favoritism in reporting, and can lead to conflicts of interest.
Investigation Method
Journalism investigation is largely an information-gathering exercise, searching for facts that are not easily obtained by simple search and search, or actively hidden, suppressed or distorted. Where investigative work involves undercover journalism or the use of whistleblowers, and even more so if he uses secret methods that are more typical of private detectives or even spying, it carries a substantial additional burden on ethical standards.
Two-edged anonymous sources - they often provide highly publicized information, such as confidential or confidential information about current events, information about previously unreported scandals, or perspectives of certain groups who may be afraid of retribution for expressing certain opinions in the media.. The disadvantage is that the condition of anonymity can make it difficult or impossible for the reporter to verify the source statement. Sometimes news sources hide their identities from the public because their statements would otherwise be discredited. Thus, statements associated with anonymous sources can bring more burden to the public than if they were attributed.
The Washington press has been criticized in recent years because of the excessive use of anonymous sources, particularly to report information that was later revealed to be unreliable. The use of anonymous sources increased sharply in the period before the 2003 Iraq invasion.
Examples of ethical dilemmas
One of the main functions of journalistic ethics is to assist journalists in the face of the many ethical dilemmas they may face. From sensitive national security issues to daily inquiries such as receiving a dinner from a source, sticking bumper stickers in someone's car, publishing blogs of personal opinion, a journalist must make decisions by considering things like the public's right to know, potential threats , retaliation and intimidation of all kinds, personal integrity, conflicts between editors, journalists and publishers or management, and many more such cons. Here is an illustration of some of them.
- The Pentagon Papers deals with ethical dilemmas that journalists find hard to deal with. Despite government intervention, The Washington Post, joining The New York Times, felt that public interest was more compelling and both published reports. (The cases were brought to the Supreme Court where they were merged and known as the New York Times Co. v. United States 403 U.S. 713.
- The Washington Post has also published a story about a hearing aid that the United States had installed through Soviet underwater cables during the height of the Cold War. The device allows the United States to study where Soviet submarines are positioned. In this case, Post-Executive Editor Ben Bradlee chose not to run the story of national security reasons. However, the Soviets later found the device and, according to Bradlee, "It is no longer a matter of national security, it is a matter of national shame." However, the US government still wants the Washington Post not to run the story on the basis of national security, but, according to Bradlee, "We ran stories and you know what, the sun rises the next day."
- The Center for International Media Ethics, an international non-profit organization "offers a platform for media professionals to follow the current ethical dilemmas of the press" through his blog. In addition to highlighting the ethical concerns of recent stories, journalists are encouraged to express their own opinions. Organizations "urged journalists to make their own judgments and identify their own strategies."
- The Ethics AdviceLine for Journalists, a joint venture, a public service project from the Chicago Headline Club Chapter of the Society of Professional Journalists and Loyola University's Chicago Center for Ethics and Social Justice, provide examples of typical ethical dilemmas reported in their ethical dilemmas hotline and typical types of questions faced by many professional journalists.
Partial list of questions received by The Ethics AdviceLine:
- Is it ethical to make an appointment to interview an arsoner wanted by the police, without informing the police before the interview?
- What is the absence of appropriate attributional plagiarism?
- Should a reporter write a story about a local priest claiming a sexual offense if it would harm readers of newspapers and advertisers sympathetic to the priest?
- Is it ethical for a reporter to write a news article about the same topic he has written an opinion in the same newspaper?
- Under what circumstances did you identify someone who was arrested as a relative of a public figure, like a local sports star?
- Freelance journalists and photographers receive cash to write about, or take photos, events with the promise of trying to get their work on APs or other news outlets, from which they will also be paid. Is it ethical?
- Can the reporter disclose the source of information after securing confidentiality if the source proves to be unreliable?
Criticism
Jesse Owen Hearns-Branaman of the National Institute of Development Administration, Thailand, argues that journalism professionalism is a combination of two factors, secondary socialization of journalists in the workplace and the fetishization of norms and journalistic standards. In this way, undesirable traits in new journalists can be removed, and the remaining journalists are free to cynically criticize journalistic professional norms as long as they continue to work and follow them. This criticism is adapted from interviews of twenty political journalists from BBC News, Sky News, The Guardian, The New York Times, The Washington Post and MSNBC/NBC News, and from the ideology of Slavoj philosophers? I? Oak.
See also
- Citizen journalism
- Ethical Journalism Initiative
- Ethical Journalism Network
- History of the American Newspaper
- History of Journalism
- International Federation of Journalists
- New York Press Club
- Objectivity (journalism)
- Invisible Hand Order
- Ombudsman News Organization
- Parachute Journalism
- Reporters Without Borders
- Code of ethics in the media
- Code of ethics in the media # Society of Professional Journalists: Code of Ethics
- International Council for Press and Broadcasting
- International Council for Press and Broadcasting # Media Code of Conduct
References
Further reading
- The Ethics of Global Journalism. Ward, Stephen J.A. Montreal: McGill-Queen's University Press, 2010.
- Media Ethics Beyond the Border: A Global Perspective. Ward, Stephen J.A. and Herman Wasserman, eds. New York: Routledge, 2010.
- Discovery of the Ethics of Journalism: The Path to Objectivity and Deeper. Ward, Stephen J.A. Montreal: McGill-Queen's University Press, 2005.
- Good News, Bad News - Journalism and Public Interest (Critical Study in Communications and the Cultural Industry) by Jeremy Iggers (New York, Westview Press, 1998)
- Journalistic Ethics - Reference Handbook (Contemporary Ethical Issues) edited by Elliot D. Cohen and Deni Elliott (Abc-Clio, 1998)
- Media Ethics and Accountability progress.
- Crisis of Conscience - Perspectives on Journalism Ethics. Carl Hausman. New York, Harper Collins, 1992.
- Ethics & amp; Journalism, Sanders, Karen. London, Sage Publications, 2003.
- Saying YOUR TRUTH - Ethical Journalism Initiative by Aidan White (IFJ, 2008)
- The Ethical Value of Journalists. Field Research among Media Professionals in Catalonia. Alsius, Salvador, ed. (2010). Generalitat de Catalunya. ISBN: 978-84-393-8346-8
- Ethics and Culture Media: Practice and Representation, David Berry, Focal Press, 2000.
- Journalism, Ethics, and Society, David Berry, Ashgate Publications, 2008.
- Journalism and Regulatory Ethics (FT 3rd ed.) Frost, Chris London: Pearson Education 2011.
External links
- http://www.accountablejournalism.org
- Code of Ethics - Society of Professional Journalists (SPJ)
- Center for Journalistic Ethics
- CIME International Media Ethics Center
- Ethical Journalism Network
- Ethical Journalism Initiative A global campaign of the International Federation of Journalists
- Journalistic Standards and Practices from Canadian Broadcasting Corporation
- BBC Editorial Guidelines: code of ethics for content producers
- Databank for the European Journalism Code of Ethics
- Journalist Journalists Committee of Canada
- Publishers Association and Japanese Newspaper Editor "Canon of Journalism"
- Reviews Medialaw.com "Code of Ethics from Various Journalists' Union in Asia"
- Ethics Online Case Journalism
- Chart - Real and False News (2016)/Vanessa Otero (base) (Mark Frauenfelder)
- Chart - Real and False News (2014) (2016)/Research Center Pew
- The Four Estate - Principles, Practices and Practices of Core Journalism
Source of the article : Wikipedia
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