Pest control is the setting or management of a species defined as a pest, a member of the animal kingdom that adversely affects human activity. The human response depends on the importance of the damage done, and will range from tolerance, through prevention and management, to efforts to completely eradicate pests. Pest control measures can be undertaken as part of an integrated pest management strategy.
In agriculture, pests are preserved in cultural, chemical, and biological ways. Hijacking and cultivation of the soil before sowing reduces the pest burden and there is a modern tendency to limit the use of pesticides as far as possible. This can be achieved by monitoring the plant, using only insecticides when necessary, and by planting pest resistant varieties and plants. As far as possible, biological means are used, encouraging natural enemies of pests and introducing appropriate predators or parasites.
In homes and urban environments, pests are rodents, birds, insects and other organisms that share their habitat with humans, and which eat and damage property. Pest control is attempted through exclusion, repulsion, physical displacement or chemical means. Alternatively, various biological control methods may be used including sterilization programs.
Video Pest control
Histori
Pest control is at least as old as farming, as there is always a need to keep the plant free from pests. Since 3000 BC in Egypt, cats are used to control grain store pests such as rodents. Ferrets were domesticated by 500 AD in Europe for use as a mouser. Mongooses were introduced to the house to control rodents and snakes, probably by the ancient Egyptians.
The conventional approach may be the first to be used, as it is relatively easy to destroy the weeds by burning them or plowing them down, and killing the larger competitor herbivores. Techniques such as crop rotation, companion planting (also known as intercropping or mixed cropping), and selective cultivation of pest cultivars have a long history.
Chemical pesticides were first used around 2500 BC, when the Sumerians used sulfur compounds as insecticides. Modern pest control is stimulated by the spread across the United States of Colorado potato beetles. After much discussion, arsenic compounds were used to control the beetles and the prediction of human population poisoning did not occur. It leads the way to acceptance of insecticides that extend across the continent. With industrialization and agricultural mechanization in the 18th and 19th centuries, and the introduction of pyrethrum and derris insecticides, chemical pest control became widespread. In the 20th century, the discovery of several synthetic insecticides, such as DDT, and herbicides enhanced this development.
Biological control was first recorded around 300 AD in China, when the fire ant colony, Oecophylla smaragdina , was deliberately placed in orange plantations to control beetles and caterpillars. Also in China, ducks are used in rice fields to consume pests, as illustrated in ancient cave art. In 1762, an Indian mynah was brought to Mauritius to control locusts, and at the same time, the orange trees in Burma were connected with bamboo to allow ants to pass between them and help control the caterpillars. In the 1880s, ladybirds were used in orange plantations in California to control scale insects, and other biological control experiments followed. The introduction of DDT, a cheap and effective compound, places an effective cessation for biological control experiments. In the 1960s, chemical resistance and environmental degradation problems began to emerge, and biological controls experienced a revival. Chemical pest control is still the dominant type of pest control today, although renewed interest in traditional and biological pest control is growing towards the end of the 20th century and continues to this day.
Maps Pest control
In agriculture, horticulture and forestry
Control method
Biological pest control
Biological pest control is a method of controlling pests such as insects and mites using other organisms. It depends on predation, parasitism, herbivore or other natural mechanisms, but usually also involves an active role of human management. Classical biological control involves the introduction of natural enemies from pests that are raised in the laboratory and released into the environment. An alternative approach is to add natural enemies that occur in certain areas by releasing more, either in small batches, over and over, or in one large scale release. Ideally, the released organism will breed and survive, and provide long-term control. Biological control can be an important component of an integrated pest management program.
For example: mosquitoes are often controlled by placing Bt Bacillus thuringiensis ssp. israelensis , bacteria that infect and kill mosquito larvae, at local water sources.
Cultural control
Mechanical pest control is the use of hand techniques as well as simple tools and devices, which provide a protective barrier between plants and insects. This is called land preparation and is one of the oldest weed control methods and is useful for pest control; roundworms, commonly clicked beetle larvae, are very destructive pests of newly plowed pastures, and repeated cultivation exposes them to birds and other predators who eat them.
Plant rotation can help control pests by taking away their host plants. This is a major tactic in controlling corn rootworm, and has reduced the season's early season incidence from Colorado potatoes by 95%.
Trap cutting
Trap plants are plants from plants that attract pests, divert them from nearby plants. Pests that accumulate in trapping plants can be more easily controlled using pesticides or other methods. However, the traps, by themselves, often fail to be cost-effective at reducing pest density on a large commercial scale, without the use of pesticides, possibly because of the ability of pests to disperse back into key areas.
Pesticides
Pesticides are applied to crops by agricultural aircraft, plant sprayers mounted on tractors or as seeding to control pests. However, successful control with pesticides is not easy; Appropriate formulations should be selected, critical frequent times, important application methods, adequate coverage and retention in plants are required. The killing of natural enemies from target pests should be minimized. This is especially important in countries where there are natural reservoirs of pests and their enemies in the countryside around plantation crops, and this coexists in a delicate balance. Often in less developed countries, yields are highly adapted to local circumstances and no pesticides are needed. Where progressive farmers use fertilizers to grow better crop varieties, these are often more susceptible to pest damage, but indiscriminate pesticide applications can be detrimental in the long run.
The efficacy of chemical pesticides tends to diminish over time. This is because any organism that survives the initial application will pass on its genes to its offspring and resistant strains will be developed. In this way, some of the most serious pests have developed resistance and are no longer killed by pesticides used to kill their ancestors. This requires a higher concentration of chemicals, more frequent applications and movements to more expensive formulations.
Pesticides are formulated to kill pests, but many have detrimental effects on non-target species; Particular attention is the damage done to honeybees, solitary bees and other pollinating insects and in this case, the time when applied sprays can be important. The widely used neonicotinoids have been banned in flowering plants in some countries due to their effect on the bees. Some pesticides can cause cancer and other health problems in humans, as well as endanger wildlife. There can be an acute effect soon after exposure or chronic effects after a persistent low level, or occasional exposure. The maximum limit of residues for pesticides in foodstuffs and animal feed is set by many countries.
Forestry
Forest pests provide significant problems because it is not easy to access the canopy and monitor pest populations. In addition, forest pests such as bark beetles, controlled by natural enemies in their home regions, can be transported in great distances in cut forest to places where they have no natural predators, allowing them to cause extensive economic damage. The pheromone trap has been used to monitor pest populations in the canopy. It releases volatile chemicals that attract men. The pheromone trap can detect the arrival of pests or warn foresters to plague. For example, spruce budworms, destructive spruce and balsam pests, have been monitored using pheromone traps in Canadian forests for decades. In some areas, such as New Brunswick, forest areas are sprayed with pesticides to control hookworm populations and prevent damage caused during outbreaks.
In the home and city
Many unwanted animals visit or make their homes in residential buildings, industrial sites and urban areas. Some contaminate foodstuffs, damage structural wood, chew cloth or collect stored dry goods. Some cause huge economic losses, others carry disease or cause fire hazards, and some are just a nuisance. Pest control has been attempted by improving sanitation and waste control, modifying habitats, and using repellents, growth regulators, traps, baits and pesticides.
Common methods
Physical control
Physical control involves trapping or killing pests such as insects and rodents. Historically, locals or rat catchers catch and kill rodents using dogs and traps. On a domestic scale, sticky flypaper is used to catch flies. In larger buildings, insects can be trapped using means such as pheromones, synthetic volatile chemicals or ultraviolet light to attract insects; some have a sticky base or electrically charged tissue to kill it. The gokeboard board is sometimes used to monitor cockroaches and to catch rodents. Rodents can be killed with suitable spring traps and can be caught in a cage trap for relocation. Talcum powder or "powder tracker" can be used to establish routes used by rodents inside the building and acoustic devices can be used to detect beetles in structural wood.
Poisoned feed
Toxic feeds are a common method of controlling mice, rats, birds, snails, snails, ants, cockroaches and other pests. Basic granules, or other formulations, contain food attractants for target species and suitable toxins. For ants, it takes a slow working toxin so that workers have time to bring substance back to the colony, and for flies, the substance acts quickly to prevent spawning and further disturbance. Bait for snails and snails often contain metaldehyde molluscide, harmful to children and domestic pets.
Warfarin has traditionally been used to kill rodents, but many populations have developed resistance to these anticoagulants, and the diphenacoum is often replaced. This is a cumulative poison, requiring feed stations to be refilled on a regular basis. Toxic meat has been used for centuries to kill animals such as wolves and birds of prey. But the poisoned carcasses kill a lot of carcass feeders, not just the targeted species. Raptor in Israel nearly disappears after periods of rat poisoning and other plant pests.
Fumigation
Fumigation is a structural treatment for killing pests such as dull wooden beetles by sealing them or surrounding them with airtight covers such as tents, and fogging with liquid insecticides for long periods, usually 24-72 hours. It's expensive and uncomfortable because the structure can not be used during maintenance, but it targets all stages of pest life.
An alternative, spatial treatment, fogging or drizzle to disperse liquid insecticides in the inner atmosphere of the building without evacuation or airtight sealing, allows most to work inside the building to continue, with reduced penetration costs. Contact insecticides are commonly used to minimize residual effects that are durable.
Sterilization
Insect pest populations can sometimes be dramatically reduced by the release of sterile individuals. This involves mass breeding of pests, sterilizing them with X-rays or some other means, and releasing them to wild populations. This is especially useful where the only female partner once and where the insects do not spread widely. This technique has been successfully used against the flies of the New World worms, some species of tsetse flies, tropical fruit flies, pink bollworms and codling moths, among others.
Laboratory studies conducted with U-5897 (3-chloro-1,2-propanediol) were attempted in the early 1970s for rat control, although this proved unsuccessful. In 2013, New York City tested the sterilization trap, showing a 43% drop in the rat population. ContraPest products are approved for rodent sterilization by the United States Environmental Protection Agency in August 2016.
Methods for certain pests
Natural rodent control
Some wildlife rehabilitation organizations encourage the natural form of rodent control through exclusion and predator support and prevent secondary poisoning altogether. The United States Environmental Protection Agency noted in the Proposed Risk Mitigation Decree for Nine Rodenticides that "without habitat modification makes the area less attractive to commensal rodents, even eradication will not prevent new populations from habitat recolonisation." The US Environmental Protection Agency has set guidelines for the control of natural rodents and for safe traps in residential areas with subsequent liberation into the wild. People sometimes try to limit rodent damage using repellent. Balsam fir oil from tree Abies balsamea is an EPA-approved non-toxic mouse rodent. Acacia polyacantha subsp. campylacantha root emits chemical compounds that expel animals including mice.
Hama Pantry
Pest insects include Mediterranean flour moths, Indian food lice, cigarette beetles, pharmacy beetles, bewildered flour beetles, red flour beetles, trader grain beetles, dental sawn beans, buckwheat beans, corncobs and beetle rice surrounded dry food stored such as flour, cereal and pasta.
At home, food that is found to be infested is usually discarded, and storing the products in a sealed container will prevent the problem from reappearing. The eggs of these insects tend to be unknown, with larvae being a destructive life stage, and the most visible adult stage. Since pesticides are not safe for use near food, alternative treatments such as freezing for four days at 0 Â ° F (-18 Â ° C) or burning for half an hour at a temperature of 130 Â ° F (54 Â ° C) should kill insects present.
Moth clothing
Moth clot larvae (especially Tineola bisselliella and Tinea pellionella) feed on cloth and carpets, especially those stored or littered. The adult female puts egg packets on natural fibers, including wool, silk and feathers, and cotton and linen in the mix. The larvae develop twisted protective nets and chew into the fabric, creating holes and dirt spots. Damage is often concentrated in hidden locations, under the collar and folds near the clothes, creases and cracks in the upholstery and round on the edge of the carpet as well as under the furniture. Control methods include using airtight containers for storage, periodical washing, trapping, freezing, heating and chemical use; camphor contains volatile insect repellents such as 1,4-Dichlorobenzene which prevent adults, but to kill larvae, permethrin, pyrethroid or other insecticides may need to be used.
Carpet beetle
Carpet beetle is a member of the Dermestidae family, and while mature beetles eat nectar and pollen, larvae are destructive pests in homes, warehouses and museums. They eat animal products including wool, silk, leather, fur, hair bristles, pet hair, feathers and museum specimens. They tend to occupy hidden locations and may eat larger areas of cloth than clothing moths, leaving mottled and brown spots, hollow, rough-looking cast skin. Infestation management is difficult and based on exceptions and sanitation where possible, switch to pesticides when necessary. Beetles can fly from outside the house and the larvae can survive on pieces of fiber, dust and in a vacuum bag. In warehouses and museums, suitable sticky traps with suitable pheromones can be used to identify problems, and heating, freezing, spraying surfaces with insecticides and fumigation will kill insects when appropriately applied. Vulnerable items can be protected from attacks by keeping them in clean airtight containers.
Bookworms
Books are sometimes attacked by cockroaches, silverfish, book mites, nerds, and various beetles that eat covers, papers, bindings and glue. They leave physical damage in the form of small holes as well as staining of their impurities. Book pests include bumblebee beetles, and black carpet beetle larvae and beetle drugstores attacking leather bound books, while general moths and brown house moths attack bindings. These attacks are mostly a problem with historic books, because modern bookbinding material is less susceptible to this type of damage.
Evidence of an attack can be found in the form of a dust-pile of books and frass spots. Damage can be concentrated in the spine, edges projecting pages and covers. Prevention of attacks depends on keeping the book in a cool, clean, dry position with low humidity, and occasional inspections should be performed. Treatment can be done with freezing for long periods, but some insect eggs are very resistant and can last for long periods at low temperatures.
Beetle
Various beetles in Bostrichoidea superfamily attack dry and fruiting wood that is used as structural wood at home and make furniture. In many cases, the larvae do the damage; this is not visible from outside the wood, but chewing wood on the inside of the item. Examples are powder beetles, which attack hardwood sapwood, and furniture beetles, which attack softwood, including plywood. The damage has been done when the adult beetle comes out of the hole, leaving a neat round hole behind them. The first that a householder knows about damage to a beetle is often when the leg of a broken chair or piece of structural wooden cave in. Prevention is through chemical treatment of wood before it is used in construction or in the manufacture of furniture.
Termites
Termites with colonies near the home can expand their underground galleries and create mud tubes to enter the house. Insects are not visible and chewing structural and decorative wood, leaving the surface layer intact, as well as through cardboard, plastic and insulating materials. Their presence can become clear when winged insects appear and flock home in the spring. Control and annihilation is a professional job involving the effort to get rid of insects from the building and try to kill those who are already there. The liquid termotitiside applied by the soil provides a chemical barrier that prevents termites from entering the building, and lethal feeds may be used; it is eaten by eating insects, and brought back to the nest and shared with other members of the colony, which is slowly declining.
Mosquito
Mosquitoes are small flies like flies that make up the Culicidae family. Women of most species are ectoparasites, whose mouths are like tubes through the skin of the host to consume blood. In recent years, these pests have become more feared than others because they spread malaria. Malaria is transmitted among humans only by female mosquitoes of the genus Anopheles. Female mosquitoes take blood food to make egg production, and such blood food is the link between humans and mosquitoes that host the parasitic life cycle.
Mosquitoes should be destroyed not only near large stagnant water bodies such as ponds and still rivers - but also near unexpected breeding sites such as flower pots, bird baths, used tires, gutters and downspouts.
In the airfield
Birds are a significant danger to aircraft, but it is difficult to keep them away from the airfield. Several methods have been explored. Amazing birds by giving them baits containing stunning substances have been tried, and it is possible to reduce their numbers at the airport by reducing the number of earthworms and other invertebrates by soil treatment. Letting the long grass on the airfield rather than cutting it is also a barrier for birds. Sonic nets are being tested; these results are heard that the bird is disturbed and seems to be effective at keeping birds away from the affected area.
See also
- Bee removal
- Electronic pest control
- Management of illegal wildlife
References
External links
- UF/IFAS Pest Alert
Source of the article : Wikipedia
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